String Beans
Wash and remove ends and strings and cut into small pieces if desired. Blanch from 5 to 10 minutes, depending on age. Cold-dip, pack immediately in jar, add 1 teaspoonful salt and cover with boiling water. Put on rubber and top and adjust top bail or screw top on with thumb and little finger. Sterilize 120 minutes in hot-water bath. Remove, complete seal and cool.
Summer Squash
Pare, cut in slices or small pieces and blanch 10 minutes. Cold-dip, pack in jars, add 1 teaspoonful of salt, cover with boiling water, put on rubber and top and adjust top bail or screw top on with thumb and little finger. Sterilize 120 minutes in hot-water bath. Remove, complete seal and cool.
Tomatoes
Take medium sized tomatoes. Wash them, blanch until skins are loose, cold-dip and remove the skins. Pack whole in jar, filling the spaces with tomato pulp made by cooking large and broken tomatoes until done and then straining and adding 1 teaspoonful of salt to each quart of the pulp. Put on rubber and top and adjust top bail or screw top on with thumb and little finger. Sterilize 22 minutes in hot-water bath. Remove, complete seal and cool.
Tomatoes may be cut in pieces, packed closely into jars and sterilized 25 minutes in hot-water bath. If this is done do not add any liquid.
THE CANNING OF FRUITS
For fruits, as well as for vegetables, the Single Period Cold-Pack method is best. With some exceptions, as shown in the table, fruits should be blanched before canning. When fruits are intended for table use, syrup should be poured over them to fill the jars. In canning fruits to be used for pie-filling or in cooking, where unsweetened fruits are desirable, boiling water is used instead of syrup. When boiling water is thus used the sterilization period in hot-water bath is thirty minutes.
Syrups
In the directions given various grades of syrup are mentioned. These syrups are made as follows:
Thin—1 part sugar to 4 parts water.
Medium—1 part sugar to 2 parts water.
Thick—1 part sugar to 1 part water.
Boil the sugar and water until all the sugar is dissolved.
Use thin syrup with sweet fruits. Use medium syrup with sour fruits. Thick syrup is used in candying and preserving.
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR CANNING FRUITS
Apples
Wash, pare, quarter or slice and drop into weak salt water. Blanch 1½ minutes, cold-dip, pack into jar and cover with water or thin syrup. Put on rubber and top and adjust top bail or screw top on with thumb and little finger. Sterilize for 20 minutes in hot-water bath.
Apples shrink during sterilization and for this reason economy of space is obtained by canning them in the form of sauce instead of in quarters or slices. In canning sauce fill the jars with the hot sauce and sterilize 12 minutes in hot-water bath.
Apricots
Use only ripe fruit. Blanch 1 to 2 minutes. Wash, cut in half and remove pit. Pack in jar and cover with medium syrup. Put on rubber and top and adjust top bail or screw top on with thumb and little finger. Sterilize 16 minutes in hot-water bath. Remove, complete seal, cool and store.
Blackberries
Wash, pack closely and cover with medium syrup. Put on rubber and top and adjust top bail or screw on top with thumb and little finger. Sterilize 16 minutes in hot-water bath. Remove, complete seal and cool.
Blueberries
Currants
Loganberries
Raspberries
The method is the same as for blackberries. Sterilize 16 minutes in hot-water bath.
Cherries
Cherries should be pitted before being canned. Pack in jar and cover with medium syrup. Put on rubber and top and adjust top bail or screw on top with thumb and little finger. Sterilize 16 minutes in hot-water bath. Remove, complete seal and cool.
Pears
Peel and drop into salt water to prevent discoloration. Blanch 1½ minutes. Pack in jar, whole or in quarters, and cover with thin syrup. Put on rubber and top and adjust top bail or screw on top with thumb and little finger. Sterilize 20 minutes in hot-water bath. Remove, complete seal and cool. A slice of lemon may be added to the contents of each jar for flavor.
Peaches
Blanch in boiling water long enough to loosen skins. Cold-dip and remove skins. Cut in half and remove stones. Pack in jar and cover with thin syrup. Put on rubber and top and adjust top bail or screw on top with thumb and little finger. If soft ripe, sterilize 16 minutes in hot-water bath; if flesh is very firm, 25 minutes. Remove, complete seal and cool.
Some peaches do not peel readily even if dipped in boiling water. In such cases omit dipping in boiling water and pare them.
Plums
Wash, pack in jar and cover with medium syrup. Put on rubber and top and adjust top bail or screw on top with thumb and little finger. Sterilize 16 minutes in hot-water bath. Remove, complete seal and cool.
Pineapples
Pare, remove eyes, shred or cut into slices or small pieces, blanch 3 to 5 minutes, and pack in jar. Cover with medium syrup. Put on rubber and top and adjust top bail or screw on top with thumb and little finger. Sterilize 30 minutes in hot-water bath. Remove, complete seal and cool.
Quinces
The method is the same as for apples. They may be canned with apples. Sterilize 20 minutes in hot-water bath.
Rhubarb
Wash and cut into short lengths. Cover with boiling water or thin syrup. Put on rubber and top and adjust top bail or screw on top with thumb and little finger. Sterilize 20 minutes in hot-water bath. Remove, complete seal and cool.
Strawberries
Wash and pack closely in jar. Cover with medium syrup, put on rubber and top and adjust top bail or screw on top with thumb and little finger. Sterilize 16 minutes in hot-water bath. Remove, complete seal and cool.
PRINCIPLES OF JELLY MAKING
To be satisfactory, jelly must be made from fruit juice containing pectin and acid. Pectin is a substance in the fruit which is soluble in hot water and which, when cooked with sugar and acid, gives, after cooling, the right consistency to jelly.
Fruits to be used should be sound, just ripe or slightly under-ripe, and gathered but a short time. Wash them, remove stems and cut large fruits into pieces. With juicy fruits add just enough water to prevent burning while cooking. In using fruits which are not juicy cover them with water. Cook slowly until the fruits are soft. Strain through a bag made of flannel or two thicknesses of cheesecloth or similar material.
Test for Pectin
To determine if the juice contains pectin, boil 1 tablespoonful and cool. To this add 1 tablespoonful of grain alcohol and mix, gently rotating the glass. Allow the mixture to cool. If a solid mass—which is pectin—collects, this indicates that in making jelly one part of sugar should be used to one part of juice. If the pectin collects in two or three masses, use 2/3 to ¾ as much sugar as juice. If it collects in several small particles use ½ as much sugar as juice. If the presence of pectin is not shown as described it should be supplied by the addition of the juice of slightly under-ripe fruits, such as apples, currants, crab-apples, green grapes, green gooseberries or wild cherries.
Measure the juice and sugar. The sugar may be spread on a platter and heated. Do not let it scorch. When the juice begins to boil add the sugar. Boil rapidly. The jelly point is reached when the juice drops as one mass from the side of a spoon or when two drops run together and fall as one from the side of the spoon. Skim the juice, pour into sterilized glasses and cool as quickly as possible. Currant and green grape require 8 to 10 minutes' boiling to reach the jelly point while all other juices require from 20 to 30 minutes.
When the jelly is cold pour over the surface a layer of hot paraffin. A toothpick run around the edge while the paraffin is still hot will give a better seal. Protect the paraffin with a cover of metal or paper.
Three or more extractions of juice may be made from fruit. When the first extraction is well drained cover the pulp with water and let it simmer 30 minutes. Drain, and test juice for pectin. For the third extraction proceed in the same manner. The juice resulting from the second and third extractions may be combined. If the third extraction shows much pectin a fourth extraction may be made. The first pectin test should be saved for comparison with the others.
If the second, third or fourth extraction of juice is found thinner than the first extraction, boil it until it is as thick as the first; then add the sugar called for.
Jelly Making without Test
The test for pectin is desirable, but it is not essential. In some states it is inconvenient because of the difficulty of obtaining grain alcohol. A large percentage of housewives make jelly without this test, and satisfactory results may be obtained without it if care is taken to follow directions and to use the right fruits. For the inexperienced jelly maker the safe rule is to confine jelly making to the fruits which are ideal for the purpose. These include currants, sour apples, crab-apples, under-ripe grapes, quinces, raspberries, blackberries, blueberries, wild cherries, and green gooseberries. These contain pectin and acid in sufficient quantities.
In making jelly without the alcohol test, with the juice of currants and under-ripe grapes use 1 cup of sugar to 1 cup of juice. With raspberries, blackberries, blueberries, sour apples, crab-apples, quinces, wild cherries and green gooseberries use ¾ cup of sugar to 1 cup of juice. This applies to the first extraction of juice and to the later extractions when they have been boiled to the consistency of the first extraction.
Fruits which contain pectin but lack sufficient acid are peach, pear, quince, sweet apple and guava. With these acid may be added by the use of juice of crab-apples or under-ripe grapes.
Strawberries and cherries have acidity but lack pectin. The pectin may be supplied by the addition of the juice of crab-apples or under-ripe grapes.
Directions for Jelly Making
Wash, remove stems, and with the larger fruits cut into quarters. Put into a saucepan and cover with water. Allow to simmer until the fruit is tender. Put into a bag to drain. If desired, test juice for pectin as described. Measure juice and sugar in proportions indicated by the test for pectin or as directed under "Jelly Making without Test." Add the sugar when the juice begins to boil. The sugar may be heated before being added. When the boiling juice reaches the jelly point, skim and pour into sterilized glasses.
Winter Jelly Making
Fruit juices may be canned and made into jelly as wanted during the winter. Allow 1 cup of sugar to 6 cups of juice. Boil juice and sugar for 5 minutes. Pour into sterilized bottles or jars. Put into hot-water bath, with the water reaching to the neck of the containers. Allow to simmer 20 to 30 minutes. If jars are used half seal them during the simmering. Put absorbent cotton into the necks of bottles and when the bottles are taken from the bath put in corks, forcing the cotton into the neck. Corks should first be boiled and dried to prevent shrinking. They may also be boiled in paraffin to make them air-tight. After corking the bottles apply melted paraffin to the tops with a brush, to make an air-tight seal. Each bottle should be labeled and the label should specify the amount of sugar used. In making jelly from these juices during the winter follow the "Directions for Jelly Making," adding enough sugar to give the amount called for.
FRUIT BUTTERS
Fruit butters may be made from good sound fruits or the sound portions of fruits which are wormy or have been bruised. Wash, pare and remove seeds if there are any. Cover with water and cook 3 or 4 hours at a low temperature, stirring often, until the mixture is of the consistency of thick apple sauce. Add sugar to taste when the boiling is two-thirds done. Spices may be added to suit the taste when the boiling is completed. If the pulp is coarse it should be put through a wire sieve or colander. Pour the butter into sterilized jar, put on rubber and cover and adjust top bail. Put into a container having a cover and false bottom. Pour in an inch or so of water and sterilize quart jar or smaller jar 5 minutes after the steam begins to escape. Remove, push snap in place and cool.
Apple Butter with Cider
Four quarts of sweet or sterilized cider should be boiled down to 2 quarts. To this add 4 quarts of apples peeled and cut in small pieces. If the texture of the apples is coarse they should be boiled and put through a strainer before being added to the cider. Boil this mixture until the cider does not separate from the pulp. When two-thirds done add one pound of sugar. One-half teaspoonful each of cinnamon, allspice and cloves may be added. Pour into sterilized jars and sterilize 5 minutes in steam.
Apple and pear butter may be made by following the directions for apple butter with cider but omitting the cider.
Peach Butter
Dip peaches in boiling water long enough to loosen the skins. Dip in cold water, peel and stone them. Mash and cook them without adding any water. Add half as much sugar as pulp and cook until thick. Pour into sterilized jars and sterilize 5 minutes in steam.
Plum butter may be made following the directions for peach butter.
Apple Butter with Grape Juice
To every 4 quarts of strained apple sauce add 1 pint of grape juice, 1 cup of brown sugar and ¼ teaspoonful of salt. Cook slowly, stirring often, until of the desired thickness. When done stir in 1 teaspoonful of cinnamon, pack in hot jars and sterilize 5 minutes in steam.
Dried Peach Butter
Soak dried peaches over night. Cook slowly until tender. To each 2 pounds of dried peaches add 1 quart of canned peaches and 1¾ pounds of sugar. If a fine texture is desired, strain pulp through a colander. Cook slowly, stirring often, until thick. Pack in hot jars and sterilize 5 minutes in steam.
CHAPTER IX
THE GOVERNMENT WAY OF PRESERVING EGGS
A friend hearing of Adelaide's "Preserving efforts," said laughingly to the little girl, "I hope, dear, you have not forgotten eggs." "Oh, no," replied Adelaide, "we've already done those. Mother ordered a whole crate of thirty dozen and we preserved them in 'water glass,' just as the government told us, although we could have preserved them by the 'Lime Method' if we had wished."
The friend's face was a study, while Adelaide's mother shook with silent laughter, exulting at her little daughter's instant reply. All unconsciously she had commanded a feeling of profound respect, instead of the desire for gentle teasing which the friend had at first intended.
"Suppose you read what the government says about eggs," said mother, thus giving the friend a chance to recover from her surprise. Adelaide at once went for her little "wooden box," and this is what she read from its proper card:
During the spring and early summer, when eggs are abundant and reasonable in price, attention should be given to preserving them for winter use. Fresh eggs properly preserved may be kept for 8 to 12 months in excellent condition and used with good results.
Eggs laid during April, May, and early June have been found to keep better than those laid later in the season.
If satisfactory results are to be obtained, the eggs should be fresh and clean and, if possible, infertile. Eggs that float when placed in the solution are not fresh and therefore cannot be preserved. When an egg is only slightly soiled, a cloth dampened with vinegar can be used to remove such stains. Under no circumstances should badly soiled eggs be used for preserving; if put into the jar while dirty they will spoil, and washing removes a protective coating which prevents spoiling.
Water-Glass Method
A good method for the preservation of eggs is the use of sodium silicate, or water glass. If the price of sodium silicate is about 30 cents a quart, eggs may be preserved at a cost of approximately 2 cents a dozen. It is not desirable to use the water-glass solution a second time.
Use 1 quart of sodium silicate to 9 quarts of water that has been boiled and cooled. Place the mixture in a 5-gallon crock or jar. This will be sufficient to preserve 15 dozen eggs and will serve as a guide for the quantity needed to preserve larger numbers of eggs.
(1) Select a 5-gallon crock and clean it thoroughly, after which it should be scalded and allowed to dry.
(2) Heat a quantity of water to the boiling point and allow it to cool.
(3) When cool, measure out 9 quarts of water, place it in the crock, and add 1 quart of sodium silicate, stirring the mixture thoroughly.
(4) The eggs should be placed in the solution. If sufficient eggs are not obtainable when the solution is first made, additional eggs may be added from time to time. Be very careful to allow at least two inches of the solution to cover the eggs at all times.
(5) Place the crock containing the preserved eggs in a cool, dry place, well covered to prevent evaporation. Waxed paper covered over and tied around the top of the crock will answer this purpose.
Lime Method
When water glass cannot be obtained, the following method may be used in its stead. Many consider this method entirely satisfactory, though instances are known where eggs so preserved have tasted slightly of lime.
Dissolve 2 or 3 pounds of unslaked lime in 5 gallons of water that has previously been boiled and allowed to cool, and allow the mixture to stand until the lime settles and the liquid is clear. Place clean, fresh eggs in a clean earthenware crock or jar and pour the clear limewater into the vessel until the eggs are covered. At least 2 inches of the solution should cover the top layer of eggs. Sometimes a pound of salt is used with the lime, but experience has shown that in general the lime without the salt is more satisfactory.
Using Preserved Eggs
Fresh, clean eggs, properly preserved, can be used satisfactorily for all purposes in cooking and for the table. When eggs preserved in water glass are to be boiled, a small hole should be made in the shell with a pin at the large end before placing them in the water. This is done to allow the air in the egg to escape when heated so as to prevent cracking.
"Well, well," said the friend, "I shall certainly know where to come when I need any new hints on preserving."
"When these recipes (touching the cards in the little 'wooden box' lovingly) are made into a little book—an idea that has been suggested to mother—perhaps you could buy one," suggested Adelaide innocently.
"I most certainly shall," answered the friend.
And she (the friend) did.
Jessie May could hardly wait for her copy of the "little book," and you will be interested to know that she was just as successful in her efforts at "preserving" as was Adelaide, and also found it very interesting work.
THE END
INDEX
CONSERVES
Apricot Conserve, 109
Peach Conserve, 110
Plum Conserve, 111
Rhubarb Conserve, 107
JAMS
Barberry Jam, 38
Blackberry Jam, 32
Black Currant Jam, 31
Damson Plum Jam, 36
Gooseberry Jam, 33
Green-Gage Plum Jam, 35
Large Blue Plum Jam, 34
Raspberry Jam, 27
Raspberry and Red Currant Jam, 29
Red Currant Jam, 30
Rhubarb and Fig Jam, 39
Strawberry Jam, 25
JELLIES
Apple Jelly, 59
Barberry Jelly, 62
Blackberry Jelly, 47
Black Currant Jelly, 50
Crab Apple Jelly, 60
Cranberry Jelly, 66
Cranberry and Apple Jelly, 68
Damson Plum Jelly, 58
Green Gooseberry Jelly, 52
Quince Jelly, 63
Quince and Apple Jelly, 65
Red Currant Jelly, 42
Red Currant and Raspberry Jelly, 46
Red Currant and White Currant Jelly, 44
Spiced Blackberry Jelly, 49
Wild Cherry Jelly, 53
Wild Grape Jelly, 55
Wild Plum Jelly, 56
MARMALADES
Apple Marmalade, 23
Apricot Marmalade, 19
Orange Marmalade, 8
Orange and Grapefruit Marmalade, 13
Orange and Rhubarb Marmalade, 15
Peach Marmalade, 17
Peach Marmalade No. 2, 18
Plum Marmalade, 21
Prune Marmalade, 22
Quince Marmalade, 20
MISCELLANEOUS
Blanching and Cold-Dipping, 158
Canning of Fruits, 172
Caution against Freezing, 163
Containers, 156
Directions for Jelly Making, 183
Grading, 157
Jelly Making without Test, 181
Principles of Jelly Making, 179
Single Period Cold-Pack Equipment, 155
Steps in the Single Period Cold-Pack Method, 159
Syrups, 173
Test for Pectin, 179
Tests for Jars and Rubbers, 156
Time Table for Blanching and Sterilizing, 164-165
Winter Jelly Making, 183
PRESERVING AND CANNING
Canned Apples, 90, 174
Canned Apples (without sugar), 92
Canned Apricots, 84, 174
Canned Asparagus, 166
Canned Beets, 166
Canned Blackberries, 76, 175
Canned Blueberries, 77, 175
Canned Blueberries (without sugar), 79
Canned Cabbage and Brussels Sprouts, 167
Canned Carrots, 167
Canned Cauliflower, 167
Canned Cherries, 75, 175
Canned Corn, 168
Canned Crab Apples, 87
Canned Currants, 175
Canned Greens, 168
Canned Lima Beans, 169
Canned Loganberries, 175
Canned Okra, 169
Canned Parsnips, 169
Canned Peaches No. 1, 80
Canned Peaches No. 2, 81
Canned Peaches—Government Recipe, 176
Canned Peaches (without sugar), 82
Canned Pears, 85, 176
Canned Peas, 170
Canned Peppers, 170
Canned Pineapples No. 1, 93
Canned Pineapples No. 2, 94
Canned Pineapples—Government Recipe, 177
Canned Plums, 95
Canned Plums—Government Recipe, 176
Canned Pumpkin, Winter Squash, 170
Canned Quinces, 88, 177
Canned Raspberries, 72, 175
Canned Raspberries and Currants, 74
Canned Rhubarb, 97, 177
Canned Rhubarb (without sugar), 98
Canned Salsify, 171
Canned Strawberries, 71, 178
Canned String Beans, 171
Canned Summer Squash, 171
Canned Tomatoes, 172
Damson Plum Preserves, 99
Preserved Blackberries, 104
Preserved Cherries, 105
Preserved Currants, 100
Preserved Currants and Raspberries, 101
Preserved Eggs, 187
Preserved Eggs—Lime Method, 190
Preserved Eggs, Use of, 190
Preserved Eggs—Water-Glass Method, 188
Preserved Strawberries, 102
Special Instructions for Canning Fruits, 174
PICKLES
Chili Sauce, 132
Chopped Pickles, 144
Chow Chow, 145
Cucumber Pickles, 149
Mustard Pickles No. 1, 137
Mustard Pickles No. 2, 140
Pepper Relish, 136
Piccalilli, 134
Pickled Beets, 128
Pickled Onions No. 1, 129
Pickled Onions No. 2, 131
Pickled Red Cabbage, 147
Plum Tomato Pickles, 105
Ripe Cucumber Pickles, 142
Tomato Catsup, 151
Tomatoes, 153
SPICED FRUITS
Spiced Blackberries, 125
Spiced Cherries, 116
Spiced Currants, 114
Spiced Gooseberries, 117
Spiced Grapes, 123
Spiced Peaches, 120
Spiced Pears, 119
Spiced Watermelon Rind, 122
Fruit Butters, 184
Apple Butter with Cider, 185
Apple Butter with Grape Juice, 186
Dried Peach Butter, 186
Peach Butter, 185