Czytaj książkę: «Economic corridors in Asia : paradigm of integration? A reflection for Latin America»
Economic corridors in Asia : paradigm of integration? A reflection for Latin America / Alexánder Arciniegas Carreño [y otros] ; Soraya Caro Vargas, editor. -- Bogotá : Universidad Externado de Colombia. 2020.
459 páginas : ilustraciones, mapas, gráficos ; 21 cm.
Incluye referencias bibliográficas.
ISBN: 9789587903812
1. Cooperación internacional -- América Latina 2. Cooperación internacional -- Asia 3. Crecimiento económico -- América Latina 4. Crecimiento económico -- Asia 5. Globalización 6. Geopolítica 7. Infraestructura (Economía) I. Caro Var-gas, Soraya, editor II. Universidad Externado de Colombia III. Título
337 SCDD 21
Catalogación en la fuente -- Universidad Externado de Colombia. Biblioteca. MRJ.
junio de 2020
ISBN 978-958-790-381-2
© 2020, SORAYA CARO VARGAS (EDITOR)
© 2020, UNIVERSIDAD EXTERNADO DE COLOMBIA
Calle 12 n.º 1-17 este, Bogotá
Teléfono (57-1) 342 0288
publicaciones@uexternado.edu.co
www.uexternado.edu.co
Primera edición: junio de 2020
Diseño de cubierta: Departamento de Publicaciones
Corrección de estilo (español): Luis Fernando García Núñez
Corrección de estilo (inglés): Michael Forrest
Composición: María Libia Rubiano
Impresión: Xpress Estudio Gráfico y Digital S.A.S. - Xpress Kimpres
Tiraje de 1 a 1.000 ejemplares
Prohibida la reproducción o cita impresa o electrónica total o parcial de esta obra, sin autorización expresa y por escrito del Departamento de Publicaciones de la Universidad Externado de Colombia. Las opiniones expresadas en esta obra son responsabilidad de los autores.
Diseño epub: Hipertexto – Netizen Digital Solutions
Quiero agradecer al doctor Roberto Hinestrosa Rey, decano de la Facultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionales por su constante apoyo a esta iniciativa. A las directivas del CIPE por su orientación, a Jerónimo Delgado, Pío García y David Castrillón por hacer parte de la concepción de la idea y su materialización, a Francisco Daniel Trejos, quien como asistente de investigación de CESICAM se preocupó por la adecuada compilación de los textos, y el mejoramiento de las imágenes y de los mapas, a Luz Adriana Gómez por la coordinación desde el CIPE en la edición de esta obra. A la Universidad Externado de Colombia. Un agradecimiento especial a cada uno de los autores, por su dedicación y compromiso.
CONTENIDO
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
Soraya Caro Vargas
1.The History of a Multicultural Academic Endeavour
2.The Search for Security vs. Growing Uncertainty
2.1.Methodology and Techniques
3.Theoretical Markers
4.Bibliographic antecedents in the Region and the Relevance of this Initiative
5.Globalizing Precursors and the Resurgence of the Economic Corridor as a Term and Consequence of BRI
6.On the Authors and their Vision of Corridors and BRI
Conclusion
References
1. LA NUEVA RUTA DE LA SEDA: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO Y ASPECTOS GEOPOLÍTICOS DE LA ESTRATEGIA GLOBAL DE CHINA
Alexánder Arciniegas Carreño
Resumen
Abstract
Introducción
1.Los cambios en la inserción internacional china y la emergencia de Obor
2.Los caminos de la Ruta de la Seda: franja terrestre y ruta marítima; naturaleza, principios, ejes de actuación e institucionalidad
3.Asia central: recursos e importancia estratégica para China
4.Obor el dilema de India
5.Algunas consideraciones conclusivas sobre la proyección internacional de China y su impacto en Latinoamérica y Colombia
Referencias
2. INDIA’S ECONOMIC CORRIDORS AND SUB-REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS
Pankaj K Jha
Abstract
Resumen
Introduction
1.Theoretical Discourse about Economic Corridors
2.India’s Economic Corridors and Highway Networks
3.Developing Port Infrastructure
4.River Interlinking Plan and Promotion of Inland waterways
5.Connecting with Neighborhood and Sub-Regional networks
6.Trilateral Highway Networks-Myanmar-India- Thailand
7.Mekong India Economic Corridor (MIEC)
8.Indo-Pacific Economic Corridor (IPEC)
9.Transport Corridors –BBIN and BCIM initiative
10.Structural Constraints and Bottlenecks
Conclusion
References
3. CHINESE CAPITAL FLOWS TO AFRICA IN A CONTEXT OF THE SILK ROAD
Alicia Girón
Abstract
Resumen
Introduction
1.Theoretical perspective
2.Behavior of Financial Flows from Chinese Banks and Companies in Africa
3.Constant Growth of the Process of Indebtedness since the Post-Crisis Period
4.Concluding remarks: Challenges facing Africa in the face of financial flows
References
4. DEVELOPMENT CORRIDORS IN AFRICA: FOREIGN POLICY AND REGIONAL INTEGRATION STRATEGIES IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH
Jerónimo Delgado Caicedo
Juliana Andrea Guzmán Cárdenas
Abstract
Resumen
Introduction
1.Development corridors
1.1.From transport corridor to economic corridor
1.2.Development corridors and Africa
2.Development Corridors as a Foreign Policy and Regional Integration Tool
2.1.Foreign Policy in the Global South
2.2.African Regional Integration
3.Challenges
4.Conclusions
References
5. A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE CHINA-PAKISTAN ECONOMIC CORRIDOR. MAPPING PUBLIC DISCOURSE IN PAKISTAN: THE CASE STUDY OF THE INSTITUTE OF STRATEGIC STUDIES
Ahmad Saffee
Abstract
Resumen
Introduction
1.Situational Analysis of Geo-political Environment
2.Theoretical Framework
2.1.Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)
3.Research Methodology
4.Research Analysis – A Critical Thematic Analysis of Discourse
4.1.The Communist Party of China
4.2.Media and Think Tank Community
Conclusion
References
6. RESURGENCE OF SOUTH-SOUTH COOPERATION AND CHINA’S BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE IN ASIA AND LATIN AMERICA
Ume Farwa
Ghazanfar Ali Garewal
Abstract
Resumen
Introduction
1.Belt and Road as a Project of South-South Cooperation
2.China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: China as a Locomotive and Pakistan as a Catalyst
3.The Good and the Best
4.The Fix
5.Looking Forward: Lessons for Latin America and Impact on SSC
Conclusion
References
7. THE INFRASTRUCTURE GAP IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE ARRIVAL OF CHINESE INFRASTRUCTURE FIRMS: SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ARGENTINIAN CASE
Leonardo E. Stanley
Abstract
Resumen
Introduction
1.The nature of the firm (or Why Chinese firms are something special that should be considered)
2.The Belt and Road Initiative and Latin America Infrastructure Gap
3.Industry Analysis (with a focus on the Argentinean case)
3.1.Argentina Infrastructure Gap (particular emphasis on roads)
3.2.The entry of Chinese firms and local business groups: competition or cooperation
3.3.Financial Schemes and Governance Issues
4.Conclusions
References
8. EL MERCOSUR EN LA BÚSQUEDA DE ASIA PACÍFICO
Gustavo Cardozo
Resumen
Abstract
Introducción
1.La Nueva Ruta de la Seda y su impacto en América Latina y el Caribe: perspectivas desde el Cono Sur
2.El Mercosur en la búsqueda de Asia Pacífico
Conclusiones
Referencias
9. DEL FORTALECIMIENTO DE LAS FRONTERAS A LA CONECTIVIDAD: LECCIONES PARA EL SUR DE ASIA Y AMÉRICA DEL SUR
Kelly Arévalo
Resumen
Abstract
Introducción
1.Más allá de la geografía política
2.Conectividad hoy: corredores económicos
3.Conectividad en el Sur de Asia
4.Conectividad en América del Sur
5.Conclusiones
Referencias
10. EL SUDESTE ASIÁTICO EN LAS NUEVAS RUTAS TRANSCONTINENTALES ASEAN
Pío García
Resumen
Abstract
Introducción
1.Asean en el núcleo de la integración asiática
2.Asean en los proyectos transcontinentales asiáticos
3.Asean frente a los proyectos transcontinentales: impacto y perspectivas
4.Asean, las rutas transasiáticas y América Latina y el Caribe
Conclusiones
Referencias
11. THE ROLE OF THE CENTRAL ASIAN REGION IN CHINA’S NEW SILK ROAD ECONOMIC BELT PROJECT
Azhar Serikkaliyeva
Abstract
Resumen
Introduction
1.China’s Interests in Central Asia
1.1.The SCO: Fighting three evils
1.2.Energy
1.3.China’s Peaceful Co-development and Good Neighborly Policy
2.Situating Central Asia in BRI
2.1.Why Central Asia is important for BRI?
2.2.Main BRI projects in Central Asia
2.3.The New Eurasian Land Bridge
3.Economic corridor China - Central Asia - Western Asia
3.1.Response from Central Asia: case of Kazakhstan
Conclusion
References
12. TURKEY AND THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE
Gökhan Tekir
Abstract
Resumen
Introduction
1.Baku-Tbilisi-Kars Railway
2.Turkey’s Domestic Railway Lines
3.Marmaray and Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge
4.The Turkish Maritime Leg of the Belt and Road
5.Turkey’s Role in Civilizational Connectivity
6.Challenges to Turkey’s Participation in the Belt and Road Initiative
6.1.Volatility in the Infrastructure Sector
6.2.The Xinjiang Problem
Conclusion
References
13. BELT & ROAD INITIATIVE Y SU SIGNIFICADO GEOPOLÍTICO PARA CHINA Y ASIA CENTRAL
Diana Andrea Gómez
Resumen
Abstract
Introducción
1.Alcance del BRI
1.1La tecnología rebasa la geografía
2.Importancia geopolítica de BRI
2.1.BRI en perspectiva doméstica
2.2.BRI en perspectiva regional: el rol de Asia central
3.Grandes desafíos generados por BRI en perspectiva global
3.1.El rol central de las ciudades
Conclusiones y recomendaciones
Referencias
REFLEXIONES FINALES E INVITACIÓN A LA ACADEMIA
Soraya Caro Vargas
Referencias
NOTAS AL PIE
AUTHORS
FOREWORD
Global geopolitics has shifted dramatically over the last thirty years. After the vanishing expectations of a unipolar international system led by the United States, China has gained an increasingly dominant role in areas as innovative as quantum computing, robotics and artificial intelligence.
In the ‘non-digital’ dimension, the eastern superpower has made gigantic investments in its Belt and Road Initiative, which include the development of a massive network of highways, industrial centers, harbors, pipelines and bridges, among many other works of infrastructure. These investments allow for the connection of more than 60 countries worldwide, guaranteeing China’s energetic security, easier conditions for trading goods and services and, perhaps more importantly, a significant influence in the political and economic events of the world.
States with political regimes as diverse as those of Russia and India are part of this growing network; in various cases, in exchange for the benefits associated with being part of it, major concessions were made. By way of illustration, Sri Lanka and Pakistan, among others, given their lack of capacity to pay for some of the works, have agreed to forfeit control of specific areas of their territories.
The new game that arises under these circumstances calls for creativity in devising new models of cooperation between states, companies, citizens and the like. That is, traditional forms of association between rich and poor countries, for instance, must be thought of in a different format: the profits derived from the relationship must be clearly evident to all the actors. Similarly, historical advantages associated with geographical conditions that were explained by so-called ‘spheres of influence’, must be revisited, as new forms of connectivity – both physical and digital – are shifting at a speed not seen before.
South-south cooperation, as well as the exchange of knowledge and experience between actors who have not traditionally been leaders in their fields, is expected to play an increasingly critical role in the years to come. As in the case of concessions in sovereignty, the nature and breadth of the nation state could also be in question, insofar as deeper interests of key actors – those in power, the private sector, as well as marginalized communities – could determine modes of association that were not thought possible a few years ago.
There is a wide variety of opportunities for countries all around the world, and Latin America is not the exception to this; the success of China and India in bringing millions of people out of poverty and destitution is an experience that is appealing to many policy makers in different latitudes, despite the many other remaining challenges. These countries have recently grown at formidable rates, and it has resulted in better living conditions for large sectors of their societies. Compared to the challenges faced in the West by policies that could not prevent the collapse of the economic systems of some countries, and convulsed political systems, the policies adopted in that part of the world seem substantially more resilient.
Nevertheless, all this comes with a catch (caveat?). The emphasis on “the East model”, and particularly that of China, is not on liberty or on the protection of rights, but on having ‘the right government’. This makes some in the West uncomfortable when addressing the inevitability of a new paradigm in the international global order but, at the same time, makes the discussions about the opportunities and implications of it more urgent.
‘Asian Economic Corridors: Paradigms of Integration? A Reflection for Latin America’ is a comprehensive study aimed at addressing some of the most challenging questions of this new reality: What is the reach of the new silk road for the global south in terms of capital flows? What is its impact on regional integration strategies in the global south? Which lessons for Latin America can be learnt from the experience of other regions’ relationships with China? What opportunities in terms of development of infrastructure does this new reality have in store for Latin American countries? What are some of the costs?
The emphasis of the book on the corridors, not only illustrates the fast developments in infrastructure and connectivity initiatives coming out of Asia, but also the implications they have for topics as diverse as foreign policy, integration programs, public discourse and the adoption and contagion of new production strategies, among others.
By bringing together an important number of scholars from both, multiple disciplines and different regions, this book offers a thorough analysis of the challenges and opportunities posed by the changing global order resulting from the efforts led by China.
This is also a timely book. The deteriorating leadership in the West demands opening the public arena for discussions that cover a wide range of topics, from new models of growth and development to the opportunities and risks associated with them. These are precisely some of the discussions the authors of this book bring to the table, and the ones that will be at the frontline of political economy discussions in the near future.
JULIÁN ARÉVALO
Dean, School of Economics
Externado de Colombia University
INTRODUCTION
SORAYA CARO VARGAS
1. THE HISTORY OF A MULTICULTURAL ACADEMIC ENDEAVOUR
For a decade now, the Rectorate of the Externado University of Colombia and the School of Finance, Government and International Relations (FIGRI), have given a fillip to the promotion and strengthening of ties between their students and teachers and the countries of Asia and Africa. Some expressions of this commitment are: the creation of the Centre of Contemporary Studies on India and South Asia (Cesicam) in 2013, groups of scholars engaged in the systematic study of countries like China and Japan and the recent establishment of the Centre of Turkish and Caucasian Studies, with the support of internationally recognized partners such as business experts, academics and diplomatic missions.
In order to forge links with networks of specialists, during 2017 and 2018, CESICAM approached universities and think tanks in Eurasia, such as the Technical University of the Middle East METU in Ankara, the Islamabad Institute of Strategic Studies, (ISSI) in Pakistan or Jindal Global University in India, which have all been active participants in the connectivity debates and on the implications of the China Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). CESICAM scholars also attended international conferences which engaged with trends in connectographic studies like the one organized by the Leuven Center for Global Studies in August 2018, The Belt and Road Initiative and Global Governance (BRIGG).
Since there was a paucity of comprehensive academic analyses on the evolution of the BRI project in Colombia, researchers from the Centre of Specialized Studies (CIPE) and CESICAM, located in Ankara, Bogota and Johannesburg, decided to design an interdisciplinary research project in March 2018, in which scholars from different areas would present their findings on the state of the art of BRI in their lands, as well on the existence of other transregional routes and modes of integration, in such a way that, those visions became a reference point to Latin American governments, that were already invited by President Xi Jinping to be part of the BRI. Researchers from Turkey, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, India, Paraguay, Argentina, Colombia, Brazil and Mexico participated in the initiative. This publication is an academic journey through a multicultural and multidisciplinary corridor; an experience of collaborative work and thematic construction by a non-formal group of researchers from different latitudes, who share their concern about the profound changes that the accelerated physical and technological connectivity in the world will signify for the study and exercise of international relations in the near future, and in the definition of the foreign policy of States.
