329. 2. Tringa Islandica, Linn. Ash-coloured Sandpiper. – Knot. Grey-back, Red-breasted Sandpiper
Plate CCCXV. Summer and winter plumage.
In summer, the bill and feet black, upper part of the head and hind neck light grey, tinged with buff, and longitudinally streaked or spotted with dusky; fore part of back and scapulars variegated with brownish-black and yellowish, and each feather with several spots of the latter, and tipped with whitish; hind part of the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, barred with black; wing-coverts ash-grey, edged with paler; alula and primary coverts brownish-black, tipped with white; primaries similar, their shafts, and the outer margins of all, excepting the first three white, the inner webs toward the base light grey; secondaries and their coverts grey, margined with white; sides of head, fore part of neck, breast, and abdomen, rich brownish-orange; lower tail-coverts and feathers of legs white, each of the former with a central dusky arrow-shaped or elongated spot; axillaries white, barred with dusky; lower wing-coverts dusky with white margins. In winter the bill greenish-black, feet yellowish-green; upper parts deep ash-grey, each feather margined with whitish; feathers of rump greyish-white; upper tail-coverts white, barred with dusky; quills and tail as in summer; a band from the bill over the eye to the hind part of the head, white; loral space, cheeks, and sides of neck pale grey, streaked with darker; throat and lower parts white; sides, axillar feathers, and lower wing-coverts, barred or spotted with dusky; lower tail-coverts as in summer. Young in autumn like the adult in winter, but each feather on the upper parts with a narrow margin of white, within which is a dusky line.
Male, 101/4, 21.
In autumn and spring ranges along the coast from Texas to Labrador. Breeds in the Fur Countries, to a very high latitude. Common.
Ash-coloured Sandpiper, Tringa cinerea, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. 36. Winter.
Red-breasted Sandpiper, Tringa rufa, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. 57. Summer.
Tringa islandica, Bonap. Syn. p. 350.
Tringa cinerea, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 387.
Knot or Ash-coloured Sandpiper, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 125.
Knot or Ash-coloured Sandpiper, Tringa islandica, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 130.
330. 3. Tringa pectoralis, Bonap. Pectoral Sandpiper
Plate CCXCIV. Male and Female.
Bill dull olive-green, dusky towards the point; feet dull yellowish-green; upper part of head reddish-brown, the central part of each feather brownish-black; a faint whitish line from the bill to a little beyond the eye; lores dusky; sides of head and anterior and lateral parts of neck, with a portion of the breast, light brownish-grey, with longitudinal dark brown lines; chin, breast, and abdomen white; feathers of the upper part brownish-black, edged with reddish-brown, those on the wings lighter; primary quills dusky, outer secondaries tinged with grey, and narrowly tipped with white, inner like the back; tail-feathers light brownish-grey, slightly margined and tipped with white, the two central dark like the back.
Male, 91/4, 18.
From Nova Scotia to Maryland, along the coast. Rather common. Migratory. Breeds in the north.
Tringa pectoralis, Pectoral Sandpiper, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 44.
Tringa pectoralis, Bonap. Syn. p. 318.
Pectoral Sandpiper, Tringa pectoralis, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 111.
Pectoral Sandpiper, Tringa pectoralis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 601; v. v. p. 582.
331. 4. Tringa maritima, Brunnich. Purple Sandpiper
Plate CCLXXXIV. Fig. 1. Adult in summer. Fig. 2. In winter.
Bill deep orange, dusky toward the end; feet light orange. Head greyish-brown, tinged with purple, its sides and those of the neck deep purple; back and wings brownish-black, with purple gloss, the margins of the feathers white; quills brownish-black, their shafts, the tips of all the secondaries, and the greater part of the middle ones, white; middle tail-feathers brownish-black, tinged with purple, the lateral shaded with ash-grey; upper part of throat greyish-white, fore neck grey; breast, sides, and abdomen white. In winter, the lower parts are pale grey, the upper parts have the purplish tints much fainter, the white edgings substituted by dull grey.
Male, 91/2, 143/4.
Abundant from Maine to New York, in autumn and spring. Breeds in Hudson's Bay, and on Melville Island.
Tringa maritima, Bonap. Syn. p. 318.
Tringa maritima, Purple Sandpiper, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 382.
Purple Sandpiper, Tringa maritima, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 558.
332. 5. Tringa rufescens, Vieill. Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Plate CCLXV. Male and Female.
Bill not longer than the head, dull olive-green, dusky toward the point; feet dull yellowish-green; upper parts greyish-yellow, each feather blackish-brown in the centre; wing-coverts lighter; quills and coverts light greyish-brown, greenish-black at the end, with the tip whitish, the inner webs whitish in the greater part of their breadth, and beautifully dotted with black, in undulating lines; the inner secondaries like the back; the two middle tail-feathers greyish-brown, at the end dark brown glossed with green, and slightly margined and tipped with white, the rest gradually paler to the outer, margined and tipped with white, within which are two lines of blackish-brown; sides of the head, fore neck, and sides light yellowish-red, the throat paler, the sides of the neck and body spotted with brownish-black, the rest of the lower parts paler and unspotted; lower wing-coverts white, those near the edge of the wing black in the centre, primary coverts dotted with black, and having a spot of the same near the end.
Male, 8, 18.
Along the Atlantic shores from Maine to New York. Rare. Migratory. Breeds in high northern latitudes.
Buff-breasted Sandpiper, Tringa rufescens, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 113.
Buff-breasted Sandpiper, Tringa rufescens, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 451.
333. 6. Tringa alpina, Linn. Red-backed Sandpiper
Plate CCXC. Adult in summer and winter.
Bill one-third longer than the head, slender, slightly curved toward the end, and with the feet black. Upper part of the head, back, and scapulars, chestnut-red, each feather brownish-black in the centre, and the scapulars barred with the same colour; wing-coverts greyish-brown, as are the quills; the bases and tips of the secondaries, and part of the outer webs of the middle primaries white; tail light brownish-grey, the two middle feathers darker; forehead, sides of head, and hind neck, pale reddish-grey, streaked with dusky; fore neck and anterior part of breast greyish-white, streaked with dusky; on the breast a large patch of brownish-black; abdomen and lower tail-coverts white, the latter with dusky markings. In winter, the general colour of the upper parts brownish-grey; the wings and tail as in summer; throat greyish-white; sides of head and neck, and fore part of the latter, pale brownish-grey, faintly streaked with darker, as are the sides; the rest of the lower parts white, with a few streaks on the breast.
Male, 81/2, 15.
From Nova Scotia to Texas, along all muddy or sandy shores, during autumn and spring. Common. Breeds in great numbers on the Arctic coasts.
Tringa Cinclus and alpina, Linn. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 251, 429.
Red-backed Sandpiper, Tringa alpina, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. 5.
Tringa alpina, Bonap. Syn. p. 317.
Tringa alpina, American Dunlin, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 383.
Dunlin or Ox-bird, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 106.
Red-backed Sandpiper, Tringa alpina, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 580.
334. 7. Tringa subarquata, Temm. Curlew Sandpiper
Plate CCLXIII. Adult and Young.
Bill one-third longer than the head, slightly decurved, dark olive; feet light olive-green; head, neck, and breast, bright yellowish-red, sides whitish, lower tail-coverts white, with a brownish-black spot towards the end; on the upper part of the head the central parts of the feathers dark brown, and the hind neck and sides of the breast slightly streaked with the same; upper parts mottled with brownish-black and light red, the rump pale brownish-grey, as are the smaller wing-coverts; quills greyish-brown, primaries darker, outer secondaries light and tipped with white, inner darker, and glossed with green; upper tail-coverts white, spotted with brown and red; tail pale brownish-grey, glossed with green. In winter, the feathers of the upper parts dark brown, edged with darker, and margined with greyish-yellow; lore, cheeks, and sides of the neck and body greyish-yellow, with dusky lines; a broad band from mandible over the eye, the fore part of the neck, and the rest of the lower parts white; quills and tail as in winter, but lighter. Young in autumn like the adult in winter.
Accidental on the Florida coast in winter, rare on those of the middle districts. Breeds in high latitudes. Migratory.
Tringa subarquata, Bonap. Syn. p. 317.
Cape Curlew or Sandpiper, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 104.
Curlew Sandpiper, Tringa subarquata, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 444.
335. 8. Tringa Himantopus, Bonap. Long-legged Sandpiper
Plate CCCXLIV. Adult in spring and winter.
Bill a third longer than the head, slender, very slightly decurved; greenish-black; legs long, slender, yellowish-green. In summer, their upper parts brownish-black, the feathers margined with reddish-white, the edges of the scapulars with semiform markings of the same; rump and upper tail-coverts white, transversely barred with dusky; tail light grey, the feathers white at the base and along the middle; primary quills and coverts brownish-black, inner tinged with grey, the shaft of the outer primary white; secondaries brownish-grey, margined with reddish-white, the inner dusky; a broad whitish line over the eye; loral space dusky; auriculars pale brownish-red; fore part and sides of neck greyish-white tinged with red, and longitudinally streaked with dusky, the rest of the lower parts pale reddish, transversely barred with dusky, the middle of the breast and the abdomen without markings. In winter, the upper parts brownish-grey, the head narrowly streaked with dusky, the scapulars plainly margined with whitish; the rump and wings as in summer; the band over the eye lighter, the fore part and sides of neck greyish-white, longitudinally streaked with grey, the sides similar, and with the lower coverts barred with grey, the rest of the lower parts white.
Male, 71/2-83/4, 151/2-17. Female, 81/2-101/2, 161/2-18.
Abundant in Texas in spring. Rare in the Middle Districts. Breeds in the Fur Countries. Migratory.
Tringa himantopus, Bonap. Syn. p. 316.
Tringa Douglassii, Swains. Douglass' Sandpiper, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 379.
Tringa himantopus, Slender-shank Sandpiper, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 380.
Long-legged Sandpiper, Audubon's Stilt Sandpiper, Douglass' Stilt Sandpiper. Nutt. Man. v. ii. pp. 138, 140, 141.
Long-legged Sandpiper, Tringa himantopus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 332.
336. 9. Tringa Schinzii, Brehm. Schinz's Sandpiper
Plate CCLXXVIII. Male and Female.
Bill about the length of the head, straight, and with the feet greenish-dusky; general colour of upper parts brownish-black, each feather edged with yellowish-grey, the scapulars with light red; wing-coverts greyish-brown, the shaft black; primary and secondary coverts tipped with white; quills brownish-grey, darker toward the tips, inner primaries and outer secondaries more or less edged and tipped with white; tail-feathers white, with a dusky spot, excepting the central two, which are blackish, with a few greyish-white markings; tail-feathers light grey, the two middle brownish-black towards the end; sides of the head, fore neck, anterior part of breast and sides greyish-white, with small lanceolate central brownish-black spots; the rest of the lower parts white.
Male, 71/2, 143/4.
From Labrador to St Augustine in Florida, and Kentucky, during autumn. Missouri. Saskatchewan Plains. Not very rare. Migratory. Breeds in high northern latitudes.
Tringa Schinzii, Bonap. Syn. p. 249.
Tringa Schinzii, Schinz's Sandpiper, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 384.
Schinz's Sandpiper, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 109.
Schinz's Sandpiper, Tringa Schinzii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 529.
337. 10. Tringa semipalmata, Wils. Semipalmated Sandpiper
Plate CCCCV. Adult.
Bill as long as the head, greenish-dusky; feet dull yellowish-green; upper part of head, cheeks, hind part and sides of neck, ash-grey, streaked with dusky; on the rest of the upper parts the feathers dusky-brown, margined with pale grey, those on the rump and the upper tail-coverts blackish-brown; secondary coverts tipped with white; alula and primary coverts brownish-black, the latter tipped with white; primary quills greyish-black, with white shafts; secondary quills more grey; primaries externally edged with white towards the base, as are the outer secondaries in a fainter degree, as well as terminally, some of them also having the greater part of the inner web greyish-white; two middle tail-feathers greyish-black on the inner web, their outer web and all the other feathers ash-grey; anterior part of forehead, and a band over the eye greyish-white; lower parts white.
Adult, 63/4, 121/2.
Exceedingly abundant from Texas to Maine, in winter, spring, and autumn. Breeds from Labrador northward. Columbia River. Migratory.
Semipalmated Sandpiper, Tringa semipalmata, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. 131.
Tringa semipalmata. Bonap. Syn. p. 316.
Semipalmated Sandpiper, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 136.
Semipalmated Sandpiper, Tringa semipalmata, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 111.
338. 11. Tringa pusilla, Wils. Little Sandpiper
Plate CCCXX. Male and Female.
Bill a little shorter than the head, straight, greenish-dusky, feet pale dull yellowish-green; feathers of the upper parts brownish-black, broadly margined with light brownish-red, some of the scapulars margined externally with white, and the larger glossed with green; alula, primary coverts, primary quills, and outer secondaries, greyish-black, all more or less narrowly tipped with greyish-white; secondary coverts largely tipped with the same; primaries externally edged with white toward the base, as are the outer secondaries in a fainter degree, the inner webs of some of the latter greyish-white toward the base, their shafts white; rump and upper tail-coverts black; two middle tail-feathers black, with pale brownish-red edges, the next feather on each side greyish-brown, edged with greyish-white, the outer four pale greyish-brown, very narrowly margined externally, more broadly internally, and along their points with greyish-white; lateral tail-coverts with the outer web white; from the forehead over the eye to the occiput, a band of dull greyish-white, faintly streaked with dusky; loral band and ear-coverts brownish-dusky; cheeks dull greyish-white, faintly streaked with dusky; throat greyish-white; sides and fore part of neck of the same colour, faintly streaked with dusky; the rest of the lower parts, including the axillars, pure white; lower surface of wing pale brownish-grey. In autumn and winter the red edgings of the upper parts are substituted by light grey.
Male, 55/8, 113/8.
Distributed along the whole coast from Texas eastward, and throughout all intermediate districts to the Columbia River. Breeds in Labrador and the Fur Countries. Found even along the lakes and ponds in the woods. Very abundant. Migratory.
Little Sandpiper, Tringa pusilla, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 32.
Tringa pusilla, Bonap. Syn. p. 319.
Wilson's Sandpiper, Tringa Wilsonii, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 120.
Little Sandpiper, Tringa pusilla, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 180.
* Third toe wanting.
339. 12. Tringa arenaria. Sanderling Sandpiper
Plate CCLXXXV. Summer. Plate CCXXX. Male and Female in winter.
Bill about the length of the head, straight, and with the feet black; hind toe wanting. In winter the general colour of the plumage ash-grey, the lower parts pure white; alula and primaries brownish-black, the latter with more or less white on their outer webs, or along the shaft; secondaries white, the outer with a patch of black towards the end, the inner ash-grey; primary coverts greyish-black, tipped with white; middle tail-feathers greyish-brown, their shafts white, the rest of a paler tint on the outer webs, white on the inner, the lateral almost pure white. In summer the upper parts of the head, hind neck, lateral, and fore part of the neck, pale yellowish-red, streaked with brownish-black; the back similarly marked, with larger spots, and on the scapulars disposed in bars; the tips of most of the feathers greyish-white; the other parts as in winter.
Male, 710/12, 121/2.
From Texas along the coast to Maine in autumn and spring, extremely abundant. Breeds from Lat. 55° northward.
Ruddy Plover, Charadrius rubidus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. 129. Summer.
Sanderling Plover, Charadrius Calidris, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. 68. Winter.
Calidris arenaria, Sanderling, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 366.
Sanderling Plover, Calidris arenaria, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 4.
Sanderling, Tringa arenaria, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 231; v. v. p. 582.
GENUS II. PHALAROPUS, Briss. PHALAROPE
Bill scarcely longer than the head, straight, slender, at the base somewhat cylindrical, toward the end broader and flattened, the tips narrowed; upper mandible with the dorsal line straight, excepting at the end, where it is a little decurved, the ridge convex, flattened at the broad part, the sides slightly sloping, the edges rounded, and near the tip inflected; nasal groove linear, extending to near the tip; lower mandible with the angle very long and narrow, the sides convex and sloping outwards, the tip narrowed. Nostrils basal, linear-elliptical. Head small, with the fore part high and rounded; neck of moderate length; body rather full. Feet rather short, slender; tibia bare a short way above the joint; tarsus much compressed, narrowed before and behind, covered anteriorly with numerous scutella; toes very slender, first extremely small, free, with a slight membrane beneath; second shorter than the fourth; third toe much longer, all scutellate above, the anterior margined on both sides with lobed and pectinated membranes, which are united at the base, so as to render the foot nearly half-webbed, the outer web much longer than the inner. Claws very small, compressed, arched, obtuse. Plumage soft and blended; wings long and pointed, first quill longest, secondary quills rather short, the inner much elongated. Tail of moderate length, much rounded, of twelve feathers, the lower tail-coverts as long.
340. 1. Phalaropus fulicarius, Bonap. Red Phalarope
Plate CCLV. Male and Female in summer. Male in winter.
In summer, the bill greenish-yellow, black at the point; feet pale green; upper part of head black; loral space and chin blackish-grey; sides of head, and a band round the occiput, white; sides and fore part of neck, breast, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts deep orange-red; fore part of back, scapulars, and inner secondaries, black, the feathers edged with whitish; wing-coverts deep ash-grey; quills dark greenish-brown, their shafts and basal parts white; the ends of the secondary and primary coverts, and the basal part of the outer webs of the primaries white, forming a band of that colour on the wing; upper tail-coverts orange-red; tail deep grey, darker towards the end, slightly tipped with reddish. Female in summer with the upper part variegated with light red and brownish-black, the central part of each feather being of the latter colour; the upper tail-coverts entirely of the former; tail deep grey, as in the male; lower parts of a less pure red, being paler, and tinged with grey. In winter the bill nearly black, upper and fore part of head, fore part and sides of neck, breast, abdomen, lower and lateral upper tail-coverts, with a band across the wing, white; a brownish-black line from the eye to the occiput, which is of the same colour, as well as in the middle of the hind neck; back, scapulars, and inner secondaries, ash-grey.
Adult, 71/2, 13.
Occasionally in flocks in Kentucky, on the Ohio, during autumn often at sea on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Breeds in high northern latitudes, as far as Melville Peninsula. Stragglers at times reach as far south as New Jersey, but the route of this species toward warmer regions, is along the Pacific coast.
Red Phalarope, Phalaropus hyperboreus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ix. p. 75.
Phalaropus fulicarius, Bonap. Syn. p. 341.
Phalaropus fulicarius, Flat-billed Phalarope, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 407.
Red Phalarope, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 236.
Red Phalarope, Phalaropus fulicarius, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 404.