318. 3. Charadrius vociferus, Linn. Kildeer Plover
Plate CCXXV. Male and Female.
Tail rather long, much rounded; bill black, feet light greyish-blue, hind part of tarsus pale flesh-colour; upper part of head, fore part of back, smaller wing-coverts, and inner secondary quills brownish-olive; rump orange-red; lower parts white; a brown band from the base of the bill, under the eye, to the occiput; over this a white band on the forehead, and extending behind the eye, where it is tinged with light red; surmounted by a brownish-black band between the eyes; on the neck two broad rings, the upper white, the lower black, succeeded by a band of white, and another of black in front; primaries brownish-black, each with a white mark, linear on the outer, enlarging on the inner quills; secondaries, excepting the inner, white, but most of them with a large patch of blackish-brown toward the end, their tips and most of those of the primaries white, as are those of the larger coverts. Tail-feathers white at the base, succeeded by orange, the four middle brown, all with a broad subterminal band of black, the tips white, those of the middle feathers pale reddish, the outer on each side white, with three bands of black on the inner web.
Male
, 10, 20.
Common. Breeds from Texas to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, and in all the central and Atlantic districts, to Massachusetts. Fur Countries.
Kildeer Plover, Charadrius vociferus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. 73.
Charadrius vociferus, Bonap. Syn. p. 297.
Charadrius vociferus, Kildeer Plover, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 368.
Kildeer Plover, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 22.
Kildeer Plover, Charadrius vociferus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 191; v. v. p. 577.
319. 4. Charadrius montanus, Townsend. Rocky-mountain Plover
Plate CCCL. Female. Male unknown.
Bill black, feet dull yellow. Forehead, a band over the eye, fore part of neck, and all the rest of the lower surface, white; crown of the head and nape dark yellowish-brown, sides and hind part of the neck dull ochre-yellow, which is the prevailing colour on the upper parts, the feathers being broadly margined with it while their central portion is greyish-brown; wing-coverts lighter; primary coverts and quills dusky, their shafts and margins white, that colour becoming more extended on the inner and on some of the secondaries, so as to form a conspicuous patch on the wing; inner secondaries like the back; tail yellowish-brown, tipped with yellowish-white, the two outer feathers margined with the same.
Female
, 81/4, wing 61/8.
Rocky Mountains.
Charadrius montanus, Towns. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 192.
Rocky Mountain Plover, Charadrius montanus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 362.
320. 5. Charadrius Wilsonius, Ord. Wilson's Plover
Plate CCLXXXIV. Male. Plate CCIX. Female.
Bill very large, nearly as long as the head, black; feet flesh-coloured; upper parts light greyish-brown, lower white; lower part of forehead, a broad band over the eyes, throat, and a ring round the neck, white; a band between the eyes, and one on the fore neck, brownish-black; quills dusky brown, outer webs of inner primaries white toward the base, most of the quills tipped with white; tail brown, darker toward the end, the lateral feathers becoming white. Female similar, but without the black band on the forehead, and having that on the neck light brown.
Male
, 78/12, 141/4.
Common, and breeds from Texas along the coast to Long Island. Resident in the Southern States.
Wilson's Plover, Charadrius Wilsonius, Ord. Amer. Orn. v. ix. p. 77.
Charadrius Wilsonius, Bonap. Syn. p. 296.
Wilson's Plover, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 21.
Wilson's Plover, Charadrius Wilsonius, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 73; v. v. p. 577.
321. 6. Charadrius semipalmatus, Bonap. American Ring Plover
Plate CCCXXX. Male and Female.
Anterior toes connected by webs of considerable extent; bill small, half the length of the head, reddish-orange, tipped with black; upper parts greyish-brown tinged with olive, lower white; forehead, loral space, a band passing below the eye, and a broad ring on the neck, black; a band between the eyes, throat, and a ring on the neck, white; quills dusky, darker towards the end, an elongated white spot on the inner primaries; tips of the secondary coverts, and two or three of the inner secondaries, with the tips of the rest white; tail-feathers brown, darker toward the end, tipped with white, enlarging toward the outer, which is entirely of that colour. Female similar, with the black bands lighter. Young with the upper parts paler, the feathers narrowly margined with dusky and dull yellow, the black bands on the head wanting, that on the fore neck brown.
Male
, 71/4, 14.
From Texas to the Arctic Regions, after passing through the interior, as well as along the Atlantic shores. Breeds in Labrador and the Fur Countries. Many spend the winter in the Floridas.
Ring Plover, Tringa Hiaticula, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. 65.
Charadrius semipalmatus, Bonap. Syn. p. 296.
American Ring Plover, Charadrius semipalmatus, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 367.
Semipalmated Ringed Plover, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 21.
American Ringed Plover, Charadrius semipalmatus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 256; v. v. p. 579.
322. 7. Charadrius melodus, Ord. Piping Plover
Plate CCXX. Male and Female.
Bill scarcely half the length of the head, orange, with the end black; upper parts pale brownish-grey, lower part of forehead, sides of the face, and all the lower parts white; a black band across the upper part of the forehead, and a ring of the same on the lower part of the neck, broad on the sides, but narrow above and below, where it is formed merely by the tips of some of the feathers; above this is a white band on the hind neck; primaries dusky; a white band on the wing, narrow on the outer primaries, and enlarging so as to include the whole of some of the inner secondaries; secondary coverts also tipped with white; tail white, all the feathers, except the lateral, dusky toward the end. Young paler, the feathers of the upper parts edged with faint brown and yellowish; the black bands wanting.
Male
, 71/2, 151/2.
From Texas, along the whole coast, to the Magdeleine Islands, Gulf of St Lawrence, breeding everywhere. Common. Great numbers spend the winter from South Carolina to the mouths of the Mississippi.
Ring Plover, Charadrius Hiaticula, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 30.
Charadrius melodus, Ord., Bonap. Syn. p. 296.
Piping Ring Plover, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 18.
Piping Plover, Charadrius melodus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 154; v. v. p. 578.
GENUS II. APHRIZA, Aud. SURF-BIRD
Bill a little shorter than the head, rather stout, compressed, tapering, straightish, being recurvate in a slight degree; upper mandible with the dorsal line straight, and a little declinate as far as the middle, then concave, and towards the end convex, the nasal grooves extending to near the end, the ridge rather broad and flattened, the tip compressed and bluntish; lower mandible with the angle rather long and narrow, the dorsal line ascending, and slightly convex, the sides grooved for half their length, convex toward the end, the tip narrowed, but blunt. Nostrils subbasal, linear, near the margin. Head rather small, ovate, rounded in front; neck of ordinary length; body rather full. Feet of moderate length, rather stout; tibia bare at the lower part, and reticulated; tarsus roundish, with small angular scales all round, those on the fore part larger; toes four, with numerous scutella, the first very small, and placed higher, the anterior toes free to the base, distinctly margined on both edges, flat beneath, the inner considerably shorter than the outer. Claws rather small, curved, compressed, blunted. Plumage full, soft, rather dense, on the neck and lower parts blended. Wings very long, narrow, and pointed; first primary longest, inner secondaries much elongated. Tail rather short, even, of twelve moderately broad feathers. Name from , foam; and , to live.
323. 1. Aphriza Townsendii, Aud. Townsend's Surf-Bird
Plate CCCCXXVIII. Female.
Bill dusky, toward the base orange, feet bluish-green; upper parts blackish-grey; quills greyish-black; a broad band of white on the wing, occupying the tips of the primary coverts; the terminal third of the secondary coverts, the bases, and more or less of the margins and tips of the quills, several of the inner secondaries having only a streak of dusky on the inner web; shafts of quills also white, as are some of the feathers of the rump, the upper tail-coverts, and the basal half of the tail, of which the rest is black, the feathers narrowly edged with white at the end; throat greyish-white; cheeks, sides, and fore part of neck, and anterior part of breast, dull grey, of a lighter tint than the back; the rest of the lower parts white, with small longitudinal oblong dark grey streaks; axillaries and lower wing-coverts white.
Female
, 11; wing, 71/2.
Cape Disappointment, Columbia River.
Townsend's Surf-Bird, Aphriza Townsendi, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 249.
GENUS III. STREPSILAS, Illiger. TURNSTONE
Bill a little shorter than the head, rather stout, compressed, tapering, straightish, being recurvate in a slight degree; upper mandible with the dorsal line very slightly concave, the nasal groove extending to the middle, the sides beyond it sloping, the tip depressed and blunted; lower mandible with the angle short, the dorsal line ascending and slightly convex, the sides convex, the edges sharp, the tip depressed and blunted. Nostrils subbasal, linear-oblong, pervious. Head rather small, ovate; neck of ordinary length; body rather full. Feet of moderate length, rather stout; tibia bare at the lower part, and covered with reticulated scales; tarsus roundish, with numerous broad anterior scutella; toes four, the first very small and elevated, anterior toes free to the base, distinctly margined, the inner a little shorter than the outer. Claws rather small, arched, compressed, blunted. Plumage full, soft, rather dense, and glossy. Wings long, pointed, of moderate breadth, first quill longest, inner secondaries elongated. Tail rather short, slightly rounded, of twelve moderately broad feathers.
324. 1. Strepsilas Interpres, Linn. Turnstone
Plate CCCIV. Summer and winter plumage.
Adult in summer with the bill black, feet deep orange; plumage varied with white, black, brown, and red; upper parts of the head and nape streaked with black and reddish-white; a broad band of white crossing the forehead, passing over the eyes, and down the sides of the neck, the hind part of which is reddish-white, faintly mottled with dusky; a frontal band of black curving downwards before the eye, enclosing a white patch on the lore, and meeting another black band glossed with blue, which proceeds down the neck, from the base of the lower mandible, enlarging behind the ear, covering the whole anterior part of the neck, and passing along the shoulders over the scapulars; the throat, hind part of the back, outer scapulars, upper tail-coverts, and under parts of body and wings, white; anterior smaller, wing-coverts dusky, the rest bright chestnut or brownish-orange, as are the outer webs of the inner tertiaries; alula, primary coverts, outer secondary coverts and quills blackish-brown, the inner webs becoming white towards the base; a broad band of white across the wing, including the bases of the primary quills, excepting the outer four, and the ends of the secondary coverts; shafts of primaries white; tail white, with a broad blackish-brown band towards the end, broader in the middle, the tips white; a dusky band crossing the rump. In winter, the throat, lower parts, middle of the back, upper tail-coverts, and band across the wing, white, as in summer; tail and quills also similarly coloured, but the inner secondaries destitute of red, of which there are no traces on the upper parts, they being of a dark greyish-brown colours, tipped or margined with paler; outer edges of outer scapulars, and some of the smaller wing-coverts, white; on the sides and fore part of the neck, the feathers blackish.
Male
, 9, 183/4.
Not uncommon along the shores of the Southern States during winter, though the greater number remove much farther south. Breeds in high northern latitudes, Hudson's Bay, and shores of Arctic Seas. Never in the interior.
Turnstone, Tringa Interpres, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. 32.
Strepsilas Interpres, Bonap. Syn. p. 299.
Strepsilas Interpres, Turnstone, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 371.
Turnstone or Sea Dotterel, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 30.
Turnstone, Strepsilas Interpres, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 31.
GENUS IV. HÆMATOPUS. OYSTER-CATCHER
Bill long, slender, straight, or slightly recurvate, higher than broad at the base, extremely compressed toward the end; upper mandible with the dorsal line straight and slightly sloping at the base, somewhat convex beyond the nostrils, then straight and sloping to the point, the ridge broad and flattened as far as the prominence, afterwards extremely narrow, the sides sloping at the base, perpendicular towards the end, the edges rather sharp, the tip abrupt and wedge shaped; nasal groove long, bare; lower mandible with the angle of moderate length, the dorsal line ascending and slightly convex, the sides erect, the edges thin, the tip abrupt and wedged. Nostrils subbasal, linear, near the margin. Head of moderate size, ovate, the forehead rounded; neck of moderate length; body compact. Feet of moderate length, rather stout; tibia bare for about a fourth of its length; tarsus slightly compressed, covered all round with hexagonal scales; toes of moderate length, stout, marginate, flat beneath, webbed at the base, the outer considerably longer than the inner, the first wanting. Claws rather small, arched, moderately compressed, obtuse. Plumage generally blended, on the back compact. Wings long, pointed, the first quill longest. Tail short, nearly even, of twelve feathers. Tongue short, triangular, fleshy; œsophagus dilated into a pretty large crop; stomach oblong, muscular, with the epithelium dense and longitudinally rugous; intestine long and rather slender; cœca long and nearly cylindrical; cloaca globular.
325. 1. Hæmatopus palliatus, Temm. American Oyster-catcher
Plate CCXXIII. Male.
Bill vermilion, feet very pale flesh-colour; head and neck dull black tinged with bluish-grey; upper parts light greyish-brown, tinged with olive, and faintly glossed with reddish-purple; lower eyelid, edge of wing, tips of secondary coverts, secondary quills except the inner, pure white; as are the lower parts generally, the rump, and basal half of the tail; primaries and terminal part of tail brownish-black.
Male
, 181/2, 321/2, bill 35/8.
Female
, 21, 36.
Breeds from Texas along the coast to New York, again from Maine to Labrador. Returns south in autumn, spending the winter from Maryland to West Florida. Rather common.
Hæmatopus palliatus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. v. ii. p. 532.
Mantled Oyster-catcher, Hæmatopus palliatus, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 15.
American Oyster-catcher, Hæmatopus palliatus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iii. p. 181; v. v. p. 580.
326. 2. Hæmatopus Bachmanii, Aud. Bachman's Oyster-catcher
Plate CCCCXXVII. Fig. 1. Male.
Bill vermilion, fading to yellow on the worn parts towards the end; feet white, slightly tinged with flesh-colour; plumage chocolate-brown, darker and tinged with bluish-grey on the head and neck; the under surface of the quills lighter.
Male
, 171/2, wing 10; bill 23/4.
North-west coast, Regent's Sound, and about the mouth of the Columbia River. Rather common. Migratory.
Bachman's Oyster-catcher, Hæmatopus Bachmani, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 245.
327. 3. Hæmatopus Townsendii, Aud. Townsend's Oyster-catcher
Plate CCCCXXVII. Fig. 2. Female.
Bill vermilion, paler toward the end; feet blood-red; plumage chocolate-brown, darker and tinged with bluish-grey on the head, neck, and breast; under surface of quills light brownish-grey, with the shafts whitish; many of the wing-coverts narrowly tipped with brownish-white.
Female
, 20; wing 11; bill 32/12.
Coast of California, and along the shores of the North Pacific, southward and northward. Rather common. Migratory.
Townsend's Oyster-catcher, Hæmatopus Townsendi, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 247.
FAMILY XXXVI. SCOLOPACINÆ. SNIPES
Bill longer than the head, subulate, slender, straight, or recurved, or decurved; upper mandible with the nasal groove very long, the edges flattened or rounded, the tip generally rather obtuse; lower mandible with the angle extremely long and narrow, the sides longitudinally grooved. Nostrils basal, linear, small. Head rather small, oblong, anteriorly rounded; neck of moderate length or long; body ovate, deep. Legs generally long, slender; tarsus long, compressed, scutellate; toes generally four, first small, sometimes wanting; anterior toes of moderate length, slender. Claws small, arched, compressed, rather acute. Wings long, pointed, with the first quill longest, and the inner secondaries tapering and much elongated; tail rather short, of twelve feathers. Tongue long, slender, trigonal, pointed; œsophagus of moderate width, stomach oblong or roundish, moderately muscular, with dense rugous epithelium; intestine long, of moderate width; cœca rather long, cylindrical, contracted at the base. Trachea flattened, with a single pair of inferior laryngeal muscles.
GENUS I. TRINGA, Linn. SANDPIPER
Bill little longer than the head, slender, straight, compressed, tapering, with the tip a little enlarged and blunt; upper mandible with the dorsal line straight and slightly declinate, the ridge narrow and flattened until towards the end, when it becomes considerably broader, the sides sloping, the tip convex above and ending in a blunt point, the edges thick and flattened; nasal groove extending to near the tip; lower mandible with the angle long and very narrow, the dorsal line straight, the sides sloping outwards, with a long narrow groove, the tip a little broader, but tapering. Head rather small, oblong, compressed; neck of ordinary length; body rather full. Feet rather long, slender; tibia bare a third part of its length; tars