All these activities are meaningful and significant for those who live in Azerbaijan. This creates a false perception of the omnipotence and infallibility of Azerbaijan’s positions in their unequal fight in the face of the enemy personified by Armenians. Frequently, the citizens of the country permeated with armenophobia find themselves outside its boundaries to face a different and unknown reality: It turns out that there are Armenians there, and they coexist perfectly well with Azerbaijanis who “flout honor and faith” by interacting, having common business, falling in love, marrying or even spending their leisure with Armenians.
Such discovery can cause a psychological trauma to any person for whom “patriotism” and armenophobia are synonymous.
We came to a famous restaurant named Lights of the Orient. It was an Azerbaijani restaurant, and once I set foot in the place, I felt the scent of my motherland. All the personnel and waiters were Azerbaijanis. We took a table with my friends and after taking a few bits, I turned my attention to the singer. Somehow he didn’t look like one of us.
Oh Allah… it couldn’t be true! The singer was Armenian. I almost choked on my food and couldn’t swallow, so I took out the bit and put it on my plate. Of course, my friends knew about my patriotism; therefore, they quickly figured out everything and started appeasing me. By that time, I was struck speechless. <…> I sensed that Intigam was ashamed of something and felt uneasy. I inquired about the singer’s nationality and was given the answer: Armenian. I felt as if my head were scalded with boiling water. <…> Let Armenians come to our restaurant, get a poisoning and return to where they came from.
<…> We are a very hospitable people, which is the reason of all our woes and tribulations that plagued us. However, the fact that an Armenian singer worked in our restaurant was unbearable. However, the most unbearable was yet to come!
<…> The Armenians started singing, and the folks at the next table – elderly women, young girls and children – stood up and started dancing. There were about 10 of them, and they dominated the place. It turned out that the dancing people too were Armenians. I was dumbfounded with shock and indignation. I felt as though somebody were publicly throwing the vilest abuse and obscenities at me. <…> “Be damned, Armenian”, cursed I in my mind and asked him to sing Tut Agaci. <…> Oh, Allah, to this day, I have never been more humiliated and insulted. It seemed that up to that moment, I hadn’t known my true character. I never knew that I was so inpatient, sensible and patriotic.
<…> As a true Turk and a son of Turk, I made up my mind to cry in solitude. My soul was ablaze, a firestorm was raging inside, but my crying was not that of helplessness and defeat. No, these were tears that allowed me to vent my hatred and cold determination that I was seizing with. <…> Indeed, those who in one way or another work with Armenians and deal with them for business don’t even deserve to be called ‘traitors of their country”.424
Those who realize that there is a divergent reality inside and outside Azerbaijan and break the taboo by opting for a closer contact with Armenians are targeted for attacks by the authorities. The ultimate destiny of these people and their family members is unenviable.
The daughter of a high-ranking official in the Azerbaijani government who pursues her studies in London became romantically involved with an Armenian; in official circles of Azerbaijan, the news was received with shock. Learning of this affair, other Azerbaijanis who studied in London raised a wave of outcry under the leadership of Tale Heydarov, chairman of the European Azerbaijan Society and the son of Kamaladdin Heydarov, the Minister of Emergency Situations of Azerbaijan. They demanded from the authorities to make the girl’s father take measures and “put an end to that disgrace”. The country’s leadership demanded to return the girl to Azerbaijan without delay.425
The double defeat of Teimour Radjabov by Levon Aronyan on the chess tournament held in London was pegged as ‘shameful’ in Azerbaijan as the tournament was sponsored by the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan (SOCAR) which spent 2 million euros on its organization.<…> Radjabov already became impudent back at the time of Heydar Aliyev. <…> It appears that after his marriage or more precisely after he started leading a lavish lifestyle, Radjabov has lost his form”. “On a tournament financed by Azerbaijan, a representative of our country has lost to an Armenian. The point is that no Azerbaijani chess player has a potential to win at this tournament. Spending millions of dollars to finance a tournament in London with participation of an Armenian in full awareness of this fact is a disgrace. How are our officials any different from the Arab sheikhs, who have a reputation of prodigal spenders, if they squander away over 2 million euros for Radjabov’s participation in the London tournament?”.426
14. Destruction of the cultural and historic Armenian heritage
The destruction of monuments of Armenian culture and history on the territory of Azerbaijan fulfills an important psychological task: the obliteration of historical symbols sacred for the enemy delivers a blow to the most vulnerable spot of the community. Arlene Audergon in her book entitled The War Hotel: Psychological Dynamics in Violent Conflict notes that the destruction of culture has always been and continues to be one of the main terror tactics purporting to strip the victim of any memories linking him/her to the community.427
Here, the collective spirit as a whole is at stake. One way to erase human memory and retouch the history comes down to destroying monuments, statues and temples. The war on the historical legacy of Armenians waged on the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan employs precisely this approach. A renowned orientalist and academician N. Y. Marr particularly noted with reference to Armenian khachkars: “this monument reflects each step of development of national architecture, and often combines both currents of the Armenian architecture: the spiritual and the secular. Khachkar truly represents the “memory of the land of our fathers” communicating with an extraordinary force and precision the spirit of the Armenian art”.
The sad fate of the Armenian memorial cemetery of Jugha, pearl of the world culture on the territory of the Armenian Nakhijevan, which was destroyed by order of the Azerbaijani authorities, must be viewed in this context.
“Nakhijevan of the ancient Armenians, Naxuana of classic writers, an uyezd city of the Erivan Governorate perched at an altitude of around 3,000 feet above sea level on the foothills of the Karabakh upland. According to legend, it was founded by Noah whose tomb is shown by local Armenians. Some Persian and Armenian historians date its foundation to 1539 B.C.428 A well-known orientalist Heinrich Hübschmann wrote that the toponym “Nakhijevan” originates from the Armenian prefix “nakh-” and the root “avan” meaning “the place of the first landing”.429
The region was known by ancient Greek authors by its name of either “Nakhijevan” or “Naxuana”. A Jewish historian Flavius Josephus calls the place “Apobatherion” – literal translation of the Armenian toponym. He wrote: “And then, when the ark stopped atop a mountain in Armenia, and Noah observed this, the latter opened it and seeing a patch of land near the ark hoped for the best and was reassured <…>. This place is referred by Armenians as “the site of the landing” and to this day they show there the remains preserved from the ark”.430
Throughout the 20th century, especially after the transfer of Armenian Nakhijevan “under the patronage” of the Soviet Azerbaijan, a program of de-Armenizing the region was launched, including a complete obliteration of ancient Armenian material culture. Incidentally, the Muslim population in Nakhijevan was so scant that even in the early nineteenth century there were only six mosques in the area. Meanwhile, the region had over 200 Armenian monasteries, churches and chapels.431
The khachkars of Jugha, the well-known cross-stones432 predominantly dating to the XIII–XVIII centuries, are marvelous monuments and distinctive specimens of Christian memorial architecture.
The French traveler Alexandre de Rhodes (1591–1660), who visited the area in 1648, wrote: “Beyond the walls of that city (Julfa), which is now only desert, I saw a beautiful monument to the ancient piety of Armenians. This is an extensive territory in which there are at least ten thousands of marble tombstones, all amazingly well engraved. A large white marble slab twelve feet height and eight feet wide can be seen at each grave with many beautiful shapes engraved around a large cross. It is very pleasing to see such a large number of marble slabs”.433
In 1603, one of the first British travelers to Persia and Armenia John Newbery, left the following entries in his memoirs:
Four days journey from Merenta [Maranda] and a day journey from Julfa, there is a wooden pontoon bridge; there was once a stone bridge, but it disintegrated. And Aras – this is the name the river – flows in front of the city, and the city itself lies at the foot of mountains. This city has three thousands houses and seven churches…434
It is widely known that in Middle Ages Jugha was a thriving Armenian city. However, in 1604, the Persian shah Abbas forcibly resettled its inhabitants to Isfahan, which to this day has an Armenian quarter known as New Jugha. Many travelers visited the ruins of the destroyed city and its cemetery over the years.
The British orientalist Sir William Ausley, who visited the city in 1812 and found the city fallen into a state of decay, wrote about the following: the largeness of its former population is evidenced by a rich and full cemetery placed on a sloping riverbank and covered with multiple rows of vertical tombstones, which, if looked not from afar, remind a gathering of people or even a regiment set in a close formation.435
The first steps in the scheme for obliteration of the Armenian monuments were taken in November 1998, when it was observed from the Iranian side of the border that some khachkars had been taken off their bases and smashed to pieces. Shortly after, they were all toppled.436 According to International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), the Azerbaijani government eliminated 800 khachkars in 1998. Although the destruction was halted after protests from UNESCO, it, nevertheless, resumed four years later. By January 2003, a “1500-year-old cemetery was completely razed to the ground”. The President of ICOMOS Michael Petzet notes: “Now that all traces of this highly important historic site seem to have been extinguished all we can do is mourn the loss and protest against this totally senseless destruction”.437
In 1999, the president Heydar Aliyev in his speech pronounced “at a grand rally to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the foundation of the Soviet Autonomous Republic of Nakhchivan” declared Nakhijevan as “one of the most ancient lands of Azerbaijan” with its history dating back 3,500 years and urged to “analyze, explore and write” the history of the region.438 It is after this statement that the final stage of obliterating the traces of Armenian presence in Nakhijevan was officially launched.
To this end, a special archaeological expedition was mounted to compile the list of the Armenian monuments to be obliterated. Later, Najaf Museyibli, deputy scientific director of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, noted: “The expedition was created at the direct behest of Heydar Aliyev and worked until 2003”.439 He also notes that “there is not even the slightest trace of Armenians in the Southern Caucasus. In the Caucasus, since ancient times and to the present day, mass graves of a different anthropological type were found representing the ancestors of the Azerbaijani people. This land has never had any Armenian root whatsoever”.440
It should be specifically underscored that the operation of ultimately obliterating the traces of the Armenian ethnic and cultural presence was carried out by the units of the Azerbaijani army.441
In December 2005, the Azerbaijani regular troops smashed to pieces the khachkars of Jugha and loaded what remained of them into dump trucks. The trucks drove up to the riverbank and dumped the debris into the river. In a very short time, the medieval cemetery was flattened, and a military firing range was constructed in its place.
In 2006, the European Parliament formally exhorted Azerbaijan to halt the destruction in violation of the UNESCO Convention on the World Heritage;442 however, in the spring of the same year Baku debarred the commission of the European parliament from inspecting the site of the former cemetery.443 Charles Tannock, British spokesman in the European parliament, gave the following commentary of the events: “This is very similar to the Buddha statues destroyed by the Taliban. They have concreted the area over and turned it into a military camp. If they have nothing to hide then we should be allowed to inspect the terrain”.444 Nevertheless, the international community has long demonstrated а remarkable indifference to the obliteration of khachkars, while Yerevan’s appeal for sending a mission of observers to the site of destruction was barred.445
In 2006, the Institute for War and Peace Reporting (IWPR) published a report Azerbaijan: Famous Medieval Cemetery Vanishes,446 in which it confirmed that nothing had been left of the famous stone-crosses of Jugha.
Already in summer 2009, the Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev stated: “Nakhchivan is an ancient Azerbaijani land. For centuries, our people have lived and built on this splendid land. The historical and architectural monuments located in Nakhchivan show how great the talent of the Azerbaijani people is <…>. Nakhchivan gave Azerbaijan great personalities. Nakhchivan gave Azerbaijan the great leader Heydar Aliyev”.447
The historian Argam Ayvazyan, a specialist of Armenian monuments in Nakhijevan, notes that Jugha was a unique monument of medieval art and the largest of the existing Armenian cemeteries. There were unique tombstones in the form of ram heads, a church and the ruins of a massive stone bridge. The historian notes that nowhere in the world was there such a large concentration of thousands of khachkars in one place. “All over Nakhijevan, there were 27,000 monasteries, churches, khachkars, tombstones and other Armenian monuments. Today, they are all destroyed”, said Ayvazyan.448
Before XI century, Nakhijevan had as much as 218 Armenian Christian places of worship (monasteries, churches, chapels), 41 fortresses, 26 bridges, 4,500 khachkars and 23 thousands tombstones. In the early 1990s, the monasteries and churches in Agoulis, Aproukunis, Shorot, Krna and Tskhna, and in other Armenian-populated settlements of Nakhijevan were dynamited and razed to the ground.449
In the book entitled Architecture of ancient and early medieval Azerbaijan published in 1986, its author Davud Akhunov declares that all khachkars of Julfa in Nakhijevan are Albanian monuments.450 Nevertheless, even the declaration of these khachkars (tombstones) as Albanian heritage did not balk the Azerbaijani authorities from obliterating the medieval cemetery.
The Azerbaijani propaganda employs an identical artifice in respect of Armenian historical monuments in Artsakh. Specifically, the Azerbaijani side steadfastly ignores the existence of numerous Armenian records of donations on the walls of the Gandzasar monastery, to which the renowned art and architecture historian A. Jakobson refers to as the “encyclopedia of XIII century Armenian architecture”. They equally disregard the fact that the construction of the Gandzasar complex occurred in the XIII century, when Aghvank (Albania per the Azerbaijani version) had already ceased to exist as a state. Meanwhile, apart from the fact that the monastery was built in the Armenian architectural tradition, its founder Hasan Jalal was an Armenian as testified by medieval historians and evidenced by inscriptions on the monastery itself.
А remarkable example was recorded in 2004, when the Norwegian Humanitarian Enterprise, supported by the Norwegian ambassador in Baku Steiner Gil, decided to restore and renovate the St. Elisaeus Church built in 1823 in the village of Nij. The works had to be carried out by local Azerbaijani authorities.
The Norwegian ambassador gave the following account of the events: By the end of 2004 or early 2005, all Armenian inscriptions on the walls of the church or on the tombstones around it were erased with scraping equipment. The Norwegian embassy and the Norwegian Humanitarian Enterprise issued a joint press release voicing their protest against this act of vandalism. Restoration works were suspended for a while, but, after receiving a letter with apologies from the Udi community, Norwegian Humanitarian Enterprise agreed to resume the funding of the restoration works. Personally, I believe this apology is essentially unsatisfactory also because the apology was not been made public. In addition, no one has been held accountable for this act of vandalism. Together with the other ambassadors in Baku I was invited to the opening ceremony. I told my colleagues that because of the vandalism and the lack of appropriate response, no one from the Norwegian embassy would attend the opening ceremony. None of the ambassadors was present at the ceremony.451
The vandalism scandal was exposed on February 17, 2005 in the Worldwide Religious News magazine under the heading “Christian minority in Azerbaijan gets rid of the Armenian eye sore” covering the incident in detail.452
“We have no God, our people lost their religion under communism and this church is our only hope of reviving it,” said Georgi Kechaari, one of the village elders who doubles as the ethnic group’s historian. “But we live in Azerbaijan, and when people came into the church and saw Armenian letters, they automatically associated us with Armenians,” he said.
“The Udi, who once used the Armenian alphabet, have struggled to separate their legacy from that of their fellow Christians, the Armenians, who fought a war with Azerbaijan and have been vilified here. “It was a beautiful inscription, 200 years old, it even survived the war,” told Steinar Gil, Norway’s Ambassador to Azerbaijan. “This is an act of vandalism, and Norway in no way wants to be associated with it”.
“They think they have erased a reminder of being Armenian… instead they have taken away the chance to have a good image when the church is inaugurated,” said the director of the NHE in Azerbaijan, Alf Henry Rasmussen.
Another particularly illustrative example is the church in Dashkesan, which the authorities preferred to destroy, at the same time putting the blame for this on… Armenians.
The Albanian church in Dashkesan fell into a deplorable state because of Armenians who sought to armenize it. This monument dating back to the fifth century is under threat of destruction because of its ownerless status. The reason for such condition of the monument is that Armenians attempted to armenize the Albanian church. Later, the local population tried to destroy the church because they considered it to be an Armenian one. In order to create an acoustic effect, empty vessels were built into the walls of the church at the time of its construction. Those who believed that the vessels were filled with gold stooped to destroying the walls and dug all over the surrounding area.453
That comes to say that as long as Armenians lived in Dashkesan, and the church was considered (and in fact is, author’s note) Armenian, it was heartlessly exposed to sack and pillage. In line with its new Albanization policy of the Christian heritage on the territory of Azerbaijan, the church was declared Albanian, and its destruction condemned with perpetrators readily found: Armenians.
The importance and the role of Armenians in shaping the historical architectural look of Baku in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries – as the economic growth propelled the city through an urban development boom – are now passed over in silence. In many ways, the architectural look of Baku was formed thanks to the active and effective involvement of St. Petersburg-educated Armenian architects and builders. The architects below made an especially significant contribution into the construction of Baku: G. Ter-Mikayelyan, V. Sargsyan (Sarkisov), N. Bayev, H. Ter-Hovhannisyan (Qajaznuni), F. Aghalyan, A. Kandinyan, M. Ter-Grigoryants. The Armenian architects gave an overhaul to the new style stemming from Russia and created in Baku some distinctive specimens of architecture and construction.454
One of the founders of Baku architectural style is Gabriel Ter-Mikayelyan, who was the author of public buildings erected in the early twentieth century. Ter-Mikayelyan drafted the facade of the main building of the city magistrate. He designed (1910–1912) the building of the Center for Public Gatherings (now the Philharmonic Hall of Azerbaijan), the maternity hospital (1899), the building of the Baku branch of the Commercial Bank of Tiflis (1902–1903) which presently houses the shop “Detskiy Mir” and the College of Commerce (1905–1910). An important aspect of Ter-Mikayelyan’s work was the construction of churches.
Another major contribution to the architecture and urban development of Baku in the early twentieth century was made by N. Bayev. In 1911–1918, he was the chief architect of Baku. In 1913, he designed the building of Mailyan Brothers Theater (now the State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater), a hospital complex (19 infirmaries and 24 buildings), several schools, a grammar school, residential buildings of Salimanov, Sheremetyev and others, Sabunchi railway station (1927), surgical hospital after Semashko, the Armenikend district and others.
The Armenian architect V. Sargsyan designed over 10 buildings in the oil industry city of Baku. F. Agalyan designed the buildings of the grammar school, the maternity hospital, the treasury, the Workers House and many others. A number of buildings were also designed by H. Qajaznuni, M. Ter-Grigoryants and many others. The buildings designed by Armenian architects, still beautify Baku, the capital city of Azerbaijan.
Incomplete list of destroyed Armenian historical monuments on the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan:
The Church of St. John of the 17th century (or St. Holy Mother, Surb Astvatsatsin) in the village of Azat (Suluk), Khanlar region of Northern Karabakh, was dynamited, but withstood due to its solid structure.455
The Church of the Holy Savior of the 17th century in the village of Kamo, Khanlar region of Northern Karabakh, desperately needed restoration as its roof had almost completely sloped down, and only the altar stayed intact under the roof. After occupying the church in 1989 and banishing the last Armenian residents in 1990, the Azerbaijanis blew up the church, and now only a few stones indicate the place, where once was the altar.456
Chapel and church on the nearby hill in the village of Metsshen, not far from Berdzor (Lachin), Shushi region. After the withdrawal of the Azerbaijani forces from Shushi during the Karabakh war, the chapel was revealed to be blown up, and its territory to be partially cleared up, with only a few stones indicating the place where once the chapel stood. As for the church, it withstood due to its solid structure and quality building mortar, despite the attempts to destroy it.457
Armenian church of St. John (Hovhannes) in the city of Ganja (Gandzak) The church dates back to 1633. It was renovated in 1860 evidenced by a memorial plaque above the entrance. While the church operated up to the 1990s, after the end of hostilities, the Azerbaijani authorities decided to transform the church into a concert hall. To hide the Armenian origin of the building, all Armenian inscriptions on the walls and inside and outside the church were erased or shaded.458
Amaras Monastery, Martuni Region of Artsakh Under Azerbaijan’s control, this monastery dating back to the 4th century and located near the village of Machkalashen was neglected and doomed to slow disintegration. It was restored only after the local Armenians established control over the territory. The withdrawing Azerbaijani troops desecrated and broke to pieces the most significant tombstone in the monastery – the tombstone of St. Grigoris, the founder and the first Catholicos (patriarch) of the Church of Caucasian Albania. Some original pieces have been lost, but the headstone was beyond restoration and, therefore, was replaced by a copy. This is yet another illustrative example of how the people who consider themselves descendants and successors of Albanians destroy the heritage of Caucasian Albania of which they claim ownership.459
The St. Gevorg Church in the village of Dashbulag formerly populated by Armenians (until 1918) was turned into a cattle-shed and presented as an “Albanian” church. The church was built in 1828, and a record on its construction work survived. The work Land of Aluank and the Neighbors published in 1893 by Bishop Makar Barkhudaryants also contains a reference to this church. “Those misled into thinking that this is an Albanian church must understand that it simply could not be Albanian as Albanians had disappeared from the international arena 1000 years ago and therefore, could not by any means build a church 1000 years later”, writes Samvel Karapetyan, the head of the Research on Armenian Architecture NGO.460
Saint Gregory the Illuminator (Lusavorich) Armenian Cathedral in Baku was built in the Parapet Square in 1869–1871. In 1873, a parish school, library and housing for the Diocesan church superiors were built on the premises of the cathedral. In 1888, bells were hoisted on the cathedral. Later, the building for the Armenian Humanitarian Society was constructed nearby to include the library. Up to 1989, the St. Gregory the Illuminator was the only Armenian church to function in Baku. Today, the cross is removed, and the building of the church is used as a book depository.461
Virgin Mary Church of late 19th century in the Icheri Sheher district in Baku The church was located to the left of the Maiden Tower. It was demolished in the 1990s. According to various sources, the church was built in 1797–1799 after Russian troops captured the city (and was renovated later). Some data also suggest that the church was founded on the place of an ancient pagan temple of Zoroastrians. This territory was a cult destination, and therefore, representatives of all religions sought to found their holy places there. In 1984, the foundation of the church developed cracks and an emergency condition. The church was pulled down during the Karabakh conflict.
The Church of Holy Apostles Thaddeus and Bartholomew in Baku was built in 1911 by donations from E. Budagov and was designed by architect H. O. Qajaznuni (subsequently the first prime minister of the First Armenian Republic). In the 1930s, the Cathedral was pulled down and its foundation used for building the State Conservatory.
The Holy Resurrection Chapel was built in 1894 on the territory of the Armenian cemetery in Baku. The Chapel was demolished in the 1930s for construction of the Upland Park.
The Armenian Evangelical Lutheran prayer house was founded in 1912 on rented land owned by Our Savior’s Evangelical Lutheran Church of the German-Swedish parish. Nowadays, the building of Kirkha (church) hosts the Organ Concert Hall.
The Khunisavank Armenian monastery dating back to the 9th century was located in the village of Komintern, Kedabek region, on the left bank of Getabek river. In 1895, Bishop M.
Barkhudaryants wrote in his book Artsakh: “The monastery stands east from Nor Getabek, on the left river bank neighboring a Tatar-populated village of Mollalu. The small monastery has a splendid structure, but today it is desolate”.462 Today, the monastery is virtually destroyed.
The St. Stepanos Church was founded in the village of Pip, Dashkasan region in 1849, mostly by donations from Stepan Mirimanyants, a resident of Tiflis and local residents. The western wall of the church bears an inscription in memory of its founder. The latest reconstruction of the church dates back to 1862. In 1928, it was closed down.463 Today, the church is almost ruined.
The Holy Translators’ Monastery of the 4th century, south from the city of Dashkasan was founded by Saints Mesrop Mashtots and Sahak Partev. The monastery was reconstructed first in 989 and then in 1845. It is known that bishop Eprem was the prior of the monastery in 1772. The monastery reached the peak of its prosperity under Bishop Gabriel Harutyunyan Teryants. The next flourishing period covered the time under Archimandrite Stepanos Balyants in the 1830s. As of today, the monastery has been demolished.464
Numerous churches and Armenian cemeteries were destroyed in various regions.
Dashkasan region
In 1987, a church 8 km south from the village Banants (9-11th centuries) was bulldozed and dumped into the gorge; the bridge Nerki Andi (12th century) was blown up “for construction of a railway”; a church and cemetery in the village of Khachbulag (17-18th centuries) was completely destroyed in 1970; the church in the village of Kirants (12th century) was pulled down under the pretext of setting power-line supports; in 1970, all the tombstones – khachkars and tapanakars – of the cemetery near the village of Amrvar (13-15th centuries) were bulldozed and dumped into the river.
Shamkhor region
Dasno Karmir Yeghtsi Monastery in the village of Gyulambar (7th century) was pulled down in 1937; a monastery near the village of Barsum (10th century) was demolished in 1982;