Czytaj książkę: «Classic French Course in English», strona 16
XVIII.
EPILOGUE
In looking backward over the preceding pages, we think of many things which we should like still to say. Of these many things, we limit ourselves to saying here, as briefly as we can, some four or five only.
To begin with, in nearly every successive case, we have found ourselves lamenting afresh that, from the authors to be represented, the representative extracts must needs be so few and so short. We have, therefore, sincerely begrudged to ourselves every line of room that we felt obliged to occupy with matter, preparatory, explanatory, or critical, of our own. Whatever success we may have achieved in fulfilling our purpose, our purpose has been to say ourselves barely so much as was indispensable in order finally to convey, upon the whole, to our readers, within the allotted space, the justest and the fullest impression of the selected authors, through the medium of their own quoted words.
In the second place, it was with great regret that we yielded to the necessity of omitting entirely, or dismissing with scant mention, such literary names, for example, as Boileau, of the age of Louis Quatorze, and, a little later than he, Fontenelle, spanning with his century of years the space from 1657 to 1757,—these, and, belonging to the period that ushered in the Revolution, Bernardin St. Pierre, the teller of the tale of "Paul and Virginia," with also that hero of a hundred romantic adventures, Beaumarchais, half Themistocles, half Alcibiades, the author of "The Barber of Seville." The line had to be drawn somewhere; and, whether wisely or not, at least thoughtfully, we drew it to run as it does.
A third, and a yet graver, occasion of regret was that we must stop short on the threshold, without crossing it, of the nineteenth-century literature of France. With so many shining names seen just ahead of us, beacon-like, to invite our advance, we felt it as a real self-denial to stay our steps at that point. We hope still to deal with Chateaubriand, Madame de Staël, Lamartine, Alfred de Musset, Sainte-Beuve, Victor Hugo, and perhaps others, in a future volume.
Our eye is caught with the antithetical terms, "classicism" and "romanticism," occurring here and there; and the observation is forced upon us, that these terms, in their mutual relation, are nowhere by us defined. The truth is, they scarcely, as thus used, admit of hard and fast definition. It is in a somewhat loose conventional sense of each term, that, in late literary language, they are set off, one over against the other. They name two different, but by no means necessarily antagonistic, forces or tendencies in literature. Classicism stands for what you might call the established order, against which romanticism is a revolt. Paradoxical though it be to say so, both the established order, and the revolt against it, are good things. The established order, which was never really any thing more or less than the dominance in literature of rules and standards derived through criticism from the acknowledged best models, especially the ancient, tended at last to cramp and stifle the life which it should, of course, only serve to shape and conform. The mould, always too narrow perhaps, but at any rate grown too rigid, needed itself to be fashioned anew. Fresh life, a full measure, would do this. Such is the true mission of romanticism,—not to break the mould that classicism sought to impose on literary production, but to expand that mould, make it more pliant, more free. A mould, for things living and growing, should be plastic in the passive, as well as in the active, sense of that word,—should accept form, as well as give form. Romanticism will accordingly have won its legitimate victory, not when it shall have destroyed classicism and replaced it, but when it shall have made classicism over, after the law of a larger life. To risk a concrete illustration—among our American poets, Bryant, in the perfectly self-consistent unity of his whole intellectual development, may be said to represent classicism; while in Lowell, as Lowell appears in the later, more protracted, phase of his genius, romanticism is represented. The "Thanatopsis" of Bryant and the "Cathedral" of Lowell may stand for individual examples respectively of the classic and the romantic styles in poetry. Compare these two productions, and in the difference between the chaste, well-pruned severity of the one, and the indulged, perhaps stimulated, luxuriance of the other, you will feel the difference between classicism and romanticism. But Victor Hugo is the great recent romanticist; and when, hereafter, we come to speak somewhat at large of him, it will be seasonable to enter more fully into the question of these two tendencies in literature.
We cannot consent to have said here our very last word, without emphasizing once again our sense of the really extraordinary pervasiveness in French literature of that element in it which one does not like to name, even to condemn it,—we mean its impurity. The influence of French literary models, very strong among us just now, must not be permitted insensibly to pervert our own cleaner and sweeter national habit and taste in this matter. But we, all of us together, need to be both vigilant and firm; for the beginnings of corruption here are very insidious. Let us never grow ashamed of our saving Saxon shamefacedness. They may nickname it prudery, if they will; but let us, American and English, for our part, always take pride in such prudery.
INDEX
[The merest approximation only can be attempted, in hinting here the pronunciation of French names. In general, the French distribute the accent pretty evenly among all the syllables of their words. We mark an accent on the final syllable, chiefly in order to correct a natural English tendency to slight that syllable in pronunciation. In a few cases, we let a well-established English pronunciation stand. N notes a peculiar nasal sound, ü, a peculiar vowel sound, having no equivalent in English.]
Ab'é-lard (1079-1142), 6.
Academy, French, 10, 12, 75, 156, 287.
Æs'chy-lus, 94, 152, 166, 168.
Æ'sop, 85.
Al-ci-bi'a-des, 289.
Alembert. See D'Alembert.
Al-ex-an'der (the Great), 5, 131.
Al-ex-an'drine, 5, 86, 153.
Am-y-ot' (ä-me-o´), Jacques (1513-1593), 8.
An'ge-lo, Michel, 156.
Ariosto, 245, 247.
Ar'is-tot-le, 50.
Ar-nauld' (ar-nō´), Antoine (1612-1694), 119.
Ar'thur (King), 5.
Au'gus-tīne, St., Latin Christian Father, 83.
Au'gus'tus (the Emperor), 131.
Ba'con, Francis, 48, 63.
Ba'ker, Jehu, 226.
Bā´laam, 154.
Băl´zac, Jean Louis Guez de (1594-1654), 10, 11.
Beau-mar-chais´, de (bō-mar-shā´), Pierre Augustin Caron (1732-1799), 287, 289.
Benedictines, 29.
Boi-leau´-Des-pré-aux´ (bwä-lō´-dā-prā-o´), Nicolas (1636-1711), 9, 12, 14, 83, 84, 167, 168, 171, 289.
Bolton, A. S., 69.
BOS-SU-ET´(bo-sü-ā´), Jacques Bénigne (1627-1704), 11, 12, 77, 127, 166, 170, 182-188, 205, 206, 224, 225.
BOUR-DA-LOUE´, Louis (1632-1704), 3, 12, 77, 143, 148, 182, 185, 188, 189-197, 198, 201, 202.
Brook Farm, 38.
Bry´ant, William Cullen, 290, 291.
Buckle, Henry Thomas, 234.
Buffon (büf-foN´), Georges Louis Leclerc de (1707-1788), 287.
Bur´gun-dy, Duke of (1682-1712), 177, 207, 208, 209, 214, 216.
Burke, Edmund, 48, 75.
Bussy (büs-se´), Count, 135.
By´ron, Lord, 48.
Cæsar, Julius, 56, 131.
Calas (cä-lä´), Jean, 253.
Calvin, John (1509-1564), 7.
Carlyle, Thomas, 251, 255.
Catherine (Empress of Russia), 285.
Cham-fort´ (shäN-for´), Sébastien Roch Nicolas (1741-1794), 85.
Chanson (shäN-soN´), 5.
Char-le-magne´ (shar-le-mān´), 5.
Charles I. (of England), 170, 185.
Charles IX. (of France), 63.
Cha-teau-bri-and´ (shä-tō-bre-äN´), François Auguste de (1768-1848), 3, 13, 14, 206, 277, 289.
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 5, 20.
"Classicism," 10, 14, 224, 289, 290.
Claude, Jean (1619-1687), 182.
Coleridge, S. T., 7, 34, 43.
Comines (kō-meen´), Philippe de (1445-1509), 7, 25, 28.
Condé (koN-dā´), Prince of, "The Great Condé" (1621-1686), 144.
Condillac (koNde-yäk´), Étienne Bonnot de (1715-1780), 287.
Condorcet (koN-dor-sā´), Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat de (1743-1794), 128.
CORNEILLE (kor-nāl´), Pierre (1606-1684), 2, 11, 12, 16, 78, 79, 80, 151-166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 182, 183, 239.
Cotin (ko-tăN´), Abbé, 100.
Cotton, Charles (1630-1687), 44, 48.
Cousin (koo-zăN´), Victor (1792-1867), 128.
D'Alembert (dä-läN-bêr´), Jean le Rond (1717-1783), 13, 251, 286, 287.
Dante, 50, 93, 94, 114.
David (King), 198.
Descartes (dā-kärt´), René (1596-1650), 11, 12, 104, 115.
D'Holbach (dōl-bäk´), Paul Henri Thyry (1723-1789), 287.
Dickens, Charles, 35, 149.
Diderot (de-drō´), Denis (1713-1784), 13, 237, 250, 284, 285, 286, 287.
Dryden, John, 48, 166.
Duclos (dü-klō´), Charles Pineau (1704-1772), 287.
"Écrasez l'Infâme," 252.
Edinburgh Review, 140.
Edward (the Black Prince), 21-25.
Edwards, President, 194.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 49, 51, 52, 61.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 18.
ENCYCLOPÆDISTS, 13, 218, 249, 250, 282-288.
Epictetus, 65.
Epicurus, 50.
Erasmus, 43, 126.
Euripides, 153, 166, 171.
Fabliaux (fab´le-ō´), 6.
Faugère (fō-zhêr´), Arnaud Prosper (1810- ), 128.
FÉNELON (fān-loN´), François de Salignac de la Mothe (1651-1715), 12, 85, 177, 178, 181, 205-224.
Fléchier (flā-she-ā´), Esprit (1632-1710), 182.
Foix (fwä), Count de, 26, 27.
Fontenelle (foNt-nĕl´), Bernard le Bovier (1657-1757), 289.
Franciscans, 29.
Frederick (the Great), 254.
Friar John, 40.
FROISSART (frwä-sar´), Jean (1337-1410?), 7, 18-28.
Gaillard (gă-yar´), Gabriel Henri (1726-1806), 155.
Gar-gant´ua, 29, 36, 37, 39.
Gibbon, Edward, 153.
Goldsmith, Oliver, 83, 225.
Grignan (green-yäN´), Madame de, 138.
Grimm, Friedrich Melchior (1723-1807), 287.
Gulliver's Travels, 37.
Guyon (ğe-yoN´), Madame (1648-1717), 210.
Hallam, Henry, 18, 34.
Havet (ä-va´) (editor of Pascal's works), 128, 129.
Hawkesworth, Dr., 222.
Hazlitt, W. Carew, 48.
Helvétius (ēl-vā-se-üss´), Claude Adrien (1715-1771), 287.
Henriette, Princess, 170.
Henry of Navarre, 63.
Herod (King), 198.
Herodotus, 7, 18.
Holbach. See D'Holbach.
Homer, 244.
Hooker ("The judicious"), 205.
Horace, 245.
Hugo (ü-go´), Victor. See Victor Hugo.
Hume, David, 48, 276.
Isaiah (the prophet), 94.
Israel, 154.
James (King), 210.
Job, 94, 210.
John (the Baptist), 198.
John (King), 21, 22.
Johnes, Thomas, 19.
Johnson, Samuel, 160, 249.
Joinville (zhwăN-vel´), Jean de (1224?-1319?), 7.
Julian (the Apostate), 178.
Kant, Emmanuel, 42.
Knox, John, 198.
La Boëtie (lä bō-ă-tē´), Étienne (1530-1563), 58, 59.
LA BRUYÈRE (lä brü-e-y êr´), Jean (1646?-1696), 12, 75-81, 153.
LA FONTAINE (lä foN-tān´), Jean de (1621-1695), 12, 81-92.
Lamartine (lä-mar-tēn´), Alphonse Marie Louis de (1780-1869), 14, 206, 289.
Langue d'oc, 4.
Langue d'oïl, 4.
Lanier, Sidney (1842-1881), 25.
LA ROCHEFOUCAULD (lä rōsh-foo-kō´), François, Duc de (1613-1680), 12, 48, 66-75, 131, 147, 148.
Longfellow, Henry W., 50.
Louis IX. (1215-1270) (St. Louis), 6, 7.
Louis XI. (1423-1483), 7.
Louis XIII. (1601-1643), 10, 95.
Louis XIV. (1638-1715) (Quatorze), 10, 12, 113, 135, 136, 169, 172, 176, 181, 184, 189, 190, 198, 199, 200, 207, 208, 213, 217-219, 223, 255.
Louis XV. (1710-1774), 199, 214, 254.
Louvois (loo-vwä´), Marquis de, 142.
Lowell, James Russell, 291.
Lucan, 151, 153, 240.
Lucretius, 94, 166.
Luther, Martin, 7, 40.
Maintenon (măN-teh-noN´), Madame de (1635-1719), 172, 181, 210, 211.
Malherbe (mäl-êrb´), François (1555-1628), 9, 10, 14.
Martin (mar-tăN´), Henri (1810- ), 183.
Mary, Queen of Scots, 8, 198.
MASSILLON (mäs-se-yoN´), Jean Baptiste (1663-1742), 3, 12, 148, 182, 185, 188, 197-205.
M'Crie, Thomas, 119.
Michael (the Archangel), 205.
Milton, John, 92, 182, 206, 247.
MOLIÈRE (mo-le-êr´) (real name, Jean Baptiste Poquelin, 1622-1673), 12, 16, 83, 92-114, 127, 154, 165, 167, 169, 240.
Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, 151.
MONTAIGNE (mon-tān´), Michel Eyquem de (1533-1592), 2, 7, 8, 44-65, 67, 75, 131, 230, 234, 257, 268.
Montespan (moN-tĕss-päN´), Madame de (1641-1707), 138, 139, 140.
MONTESQUIEU, de (moN-tĕs-kê-uh´), Charles de Secondat (1689-1755), 13, 218, 225-237.
Morley, Henry, 249.
Morley, John, 249, 251, 285.
Motteux, Peter Anthony (1660-1718), 30.
Musset (mü-sā´) (1810-1857), Alfred de, 289.
Napoleon Bonaparte, 13, 166.
Nathan (the prophet), 198.
Newton, Sir Isaac, 115.
Nicole (ne-kŏl´), Pierre (1625-1695), 3, 143, 147, 168.
"Obscurantism" (disposition, in the sphere of the intellect, to love darkness rather than light), 252.
Pan-tag´-ru-el, 29, 40, 41, 42.
Panurge (pä-nürzh´), 40, 41, 42.
PASCAL, Blaise (1623-1662), 3, 12, 48, 62, 65, 80, 115-133, 193.
Pascal, Jacqueline, 116.
Pelisson (pĕl-ē-soN´), 149.
Petrarch, Francesco, 20.
Phædrus, 85.
Plato, 50, 51, 59.
Pleiades (plē´ya-dēz), 8, 10, 13.
Plutarch, 8, 48, 56.
Po-co-cu´rant-ism, 248.
Pompadour, Madame de, 254.
Pompey, 56.
Pope, Alexander, 48, 166.
Poquelin (po-ke-lăN´). See Molière, 94, 95.
Port Royal, 119, 127, 128, 147, 168.
Pradon (prä-doN´), 171.
Provençal (pro-väN-sal), 4.
Ptolemy Philadelphus, 8.
Quentin Durward, 7.
RABELAIS (ră-blā´), François (1495?-1553?), 3, 7, 28-43, 60, 65, 83, 146.
RACINE (rä-seen´), Jean (1639-1699), 12, 78, 79, 80, 83, 151, 152, 153, 166-181, 205.
Rambouillet (räN-boo-yā´), Hôtel de, 10, 11, 12, 100, 105, 155, 156, 183.
Raphael (archangel), 205.
Récamier (rā-kä-me-ā´), Madame (1777-1849), 11.
Richard, the Lion-hearted, 117.
Richelieu (rēsh-le-uh´), Cardinal, 10, 12, 95, 154, 156.
Roman (ro-mäN´), 5.
"Romanticism," 224, 289, 290.
"Romanticists," 14.
Ronsard (roN-sar´), Pierre de (1524-1585), 8, 9.
Ronsardism, 14.
Rousseau (roo-sō´), Jean Baptiste (1670-1741), 255.
ROUSSEAU, Jean Jacques (1712-1778), 3, 13, 14, 48, 206, 218, 249, 250, 251, 255-281, 287.
Ruskin, John, 73.
Rutebeuf (rü-te-buf´) (b. 1230), trouvère, 6.
Sablíère (sä-blï-êr´), Madame de la, 83, 84.
Saci (sä-se´), M. de, 65.
Saintsbury, George, 17, 58.
Sainte-Beuve (săNt-buv´), Charles Augustin (1804-1869), 9, 14, 189, 193, 199, 235, 289.
Sal´a-din (Saracen antagonist of Richard the Lion-hearted), 117.
Salon (sä-loN´), 11.
Sand (säNd), George (Madame Dudevant, 1804-1876), 3, 14.
Saurin (sō-răN´), Jacques (1677-1730), 182.
"Savoyard Curate's Confession," 279.
Scott, Sir Walter, 7, 19, 25, 105.
Selden, John ("The learned"), 205.
Seneca, 48, 50.
SÉVIGNÉ (sā-vēn-yā´), Madame de, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal (1626-1696), 11, 105, 134-151, 170.
Shakspeare, 16, 48, 63, 92, 94, 114, 160, 240.
Socrates (contrasted by Rousseau with Jesus), 280, 281.
Sophocles, 153, 166, 168.
Staël-Holstein (stä-ĕl´ ol-stăN´), Anne Louise Grermanie de (1766-1817), 13, 289.
Stanislaus (King of Poland), 285.
St. John, Bayle, 56, 58, 59.
St. Pierre, Jacques Henri Bernardin de (1737-1814), 289.
St. Simon (sē-moN´), Louis de Rouvroi, Duc de (1675-1755), 208, 209.
Swift, Dean, 37.
Swinburne, Algernon Charles, 94.
Tacitus, 7.
Taine, H. (1828-), 233.
Tartuffe (tar-tüf´), 106-114, 147.
Tasso, 245, 247.
Thélème (tāā-lĕm´), 38, 40.
Themistocles, 289.
Thibaud (tē-bō´), troubadour (1201-1253), 6.
Trajan, 254.
Troubadour, 4.
Trouvère (troo-vêr´), 5, 6.
Tully (Cicero), 246.
Turgot (tür-gō´), Anne RobertJacques (1727-1781), 287.
Urquhart, Sir Thomas, 30.
Van Laun, H., 17.
Vatel, 143, 144, 145.
Vauvenargues (vō-ve-narg´), Luc de Clapiers, Marquis de (1715-1747), 79, 80, 81.
Vercingetorix, 226.
Victor Hugo (1802-1885), 14, 16, 94, 289, 291.
Villehardouin (vēl-ar-doo-ăN´), Geoffrey (1165?-1213?), 7.
Villemain (vēl-măN´), Abel François (1790-1870), 118.
Virgil, 5, 9, 81, 166, 172, 245.
Voiture (vwä-tür´), Vincent (1598-1648), 11.
VOLTAIRE (vol-têr´), François Marie Arouet de (1694-1778), 2, 13, 38, 48, 68, 80, 127, 152, 153, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 204, 218, 234, 235, 238-255, 285, 286, 287.
Wall, C. H., 106.
Walpole, Horace, 151, 230.
Warens (vä-räN´), Madame de, 264, 265, 268, 269, 275.
Webster, Daniel, 188.
Wright, Elizur, 86.
