Lederer, Gideon R., born in 1804. As the son of a rabbi he was educated in strict rabbinical orthodoxy, and for a time was a rabbi himself. He and his wife were converted under the ministry of the early Scotch missionaries, and afterwards assisted them to spread the Gospel in Hungary. In 1853, he came to London, but soon after went to New York, where he laboured for the rest of his days, as a humble city missionary, with much blessing. He edited a periodical entitled, "The Israelite Indeed," and the writer knew him as such an one himself.
Leener, de Louis, a Dutch convert of the nineteenth century, was a respected author. Among his works are these – (1) "Ben Onie, Tafereelen uit het dagboek van een tot het Christendom bekeerden Israelit," (2) "De waarde vrouw in Israel," (3) "De Nederlandsche jood," (4) "Ons Pascha," Amsterdam, 1865-70.
Lehrs, Karl, was born in Königsberg in 1802, and died 1878. It is recorded that while studying in Berlin he became a Christian from conviction, and was baptized in 1822. A number of his relatives were influenced by him for Christianity. He was a classical teacher in several schools, and then Professor at the University of Königsberg. He published a book of considerable merit under the title, "De Aristarchi Studiis Homericis," 1833; "Questiones Epicae," 1837; "Pindars-scholien," 1873.
Leibnisth, Samuel, born 1823, was a Jewish teacher, and after his conversion, about 1868, devoted his leisure to voluntary missionary work among the Jews in Germany. In 1874, he was appointed missionary at Elberfeld, where he died in 1882.
Leitner, H. C., was won for the Master by the Rev. C. A. Schönberger. He laboured at Constantinople as a very able teacher in the Scotch mission schools for many years.
Leitner, Dr. M., born at Pesth in 1800, studied medicine and settled as a practitioner at Broussa in Turkey. Having come into possession of a New Testament, he read it carefully, and was converted and baptized in 1844. He then gave up his lucrative position and devoted his life to missionary work. He was the L.J.S. medical missionary at Constantinople from 1853 to 1861, when he died of fever.
Leo, Dr., a physician in Warsaw, after having had intercourse with the L.J.S. missionaries for eight years, became fully convinced of the truth of the Gospel, and was baptized with his family in 1831.
Leonhard, Friedrich Conrad, a convert in the latter half of the eighteenth century, published a dialogue under the title, "Erweis dass die Rabbinen Schnurstracks wider dass Gesetz Moses lehren, Aus den Kirchengesetzbüchern der heutigen Juden geführt," with a preface by Pastor Siegmund Mörl, Nürnberg, 1781.
Lessman, Daniel, was born in Soldin (Brandenburg), 1794, studied medicine in Berlin, was wounded in the war, baptized in 1824, he became a great author, novelist, biographer and poet.
Levi, Jacob, a native of Smyrna, according to the report of Dr. Buchanan, heard the Gospel from a C.M.S. missionary. He then bought a New Testament and studied it with the intention of refuting the arguments of the missionary, and for this purpose he translated it into Hebrew, but the result was that he became a believer and preached Christ to Jews, Mohammedans and Christians.
Levi, Jacob, baptized by the missionaries Lewis and Hartley at Athens, about 1840-1. Was cast into prison by the Rabbis ten times. In the prison at Casanegra, he was bastinadoed and kept six months, but he declared if he was there a thousand years he would still confess that Jesus was the true Messiah.
Levi, Dr. Leone, was born in Ancona, 1802, and settled in England. An article of his in the "Liverpool Album," in 1849, occasioned the establishment of the Chamber of Commerce, of which he became secretary. He joined the Presbyterian Church, was author of "Commercial Laws, their Principles and Administration," 1850-52; "Wages and Earnings of the Working Classes," 1867; "History of British Commerce and of the Economic Progress of the British Nation," 1863-70. He became professor of political economy at King's College in 1862; barrister in Lincoln's Inn, 1859; D.L. of Tübingen, 1861: and died in 1888.
Levien, Edward, was born in 1818, of highly respectable Jewish parents, nearly related to the distinguished Goldsmids. His parents returned to the true faith, and were baptized and admitted into the Church of England, with their children, when the latter were yet of tender age. He was educated at Shrewsbury Grammar School, under Drs. Butler and Kennedy, and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he took honours in classics. In that department he filled a professor's chair at Glasgow. His great skill in ancient manuscripts, and intimate acquaintance with historical lore commended him, in 1850, to an important post in the MSS. department of the British Museum. This post he held for nearly a quarter of a century, with advantage to the public and credit to himself. He was also honorary secretary of the British Archæological Association, to which he rendered essential service in promoting its prosperity, in various ways, literary and otherwise. His loss to that Association was as keenly felt by their Committee as by his most intimate friends. The catalogue of the British Museum has several pages devoted to his literary productions.
Levinsohn, Hessel, a brother of the next named, who together with his parents had anathematized Isaac on account of his supposed apostasy, was in the first place influenced by him through correspondence, not to pass such a harsh judgment upon himself. Then, when he came to England, he was gradually won by him and other Hebrew Christians to read the New Testament, and to search the Scriptures earnestly, until he too could publicly confess that Jesus was his own Redeemer. He afterward became a missionary of the British Society for the Propagation of the Gospel amongst the Jews.
Levinson, Rev. Isaac, was born in Kovno (Russia), in 1855. His father was a pious man, and used to fast every Monday and Thursday. When Isaac was five years old, his father himself taught him Hebrew, and then sent him to school, where he made rapid progress in learning, so that at the age of eight he could read the Pentateuch with the Targum and Rashi's commentary. Henceforth he studied mostly the Talmud, in which he felt no delight nor even satisfaction, especially when at thirteen years of age he became bar mitsvah (confirmed), and began to realize responsibility for his sins. This caused him to lay aside the doctrines of men, and to study more diligently the Word of God. In 1871 he took leave of his parents, and after much hardship and God's loving care on the journey, arrived in London, September 19th, with the intention to go from there to America or Australia. But just as he landed he was robbed of the little baggage he possessed, and a kind Jew took him to his house, with whom he spent the Day of Atonement. Subsequently he once passed by the L.J.S. Chapel at Palestine Place, and noticed a Hebrew inscription on the front. Thinking it was a synagogue he entered, and was surprised to find that it was a Christian place of worship, where the prayers were said in Hebrew. He listened to the service, and after it was over, a Hebrew Christian spoke to him, and told him that he had found peace in believing in Jesus as the Messiah. This was exactly what Isaac was searching for. He then made the acquaintance of Dr. Stern, was instructed and baptized by him, and entered the Operative Jewish Converts' Institution. After a time Levinson was for some years a clerk in the R.T.S., where he made good use of his time in preparing himself for studying in Spurgeon's College. He was then ordained to the Baptist ministry, and was engaged by the British Society as deputational secretary, in which capacity he laboured zealously and ably for some years, until he was called to succeed the late Rev. John Dunlop, as chief secretary of the same Society.
Levy, Benjamin, was the son of Moses Levy, one of a well-known firm of shipowners in London. When he was quite a young man he set up in business as a clothier and draper in Holborn. Subsequently he removed to Sunderland, where he spent the last forty-two years of his life; and so greatly did he prosper that he opened branches of his business in Shields, Stockton, Middlesborough, West Hartlepool and Barrow in Furness. His admission by baptism into the Church of Christ took place when he was twenty-six years old. Before then he had drifted away from the moorings of the synagogue, and then soon followed his total neglect of all religious observance, and all belief in the Bible. It was at this crisis in his religious life that he was brought under decidedly Christian influences. He came in contact with a clergyman of the Church of England, who led him to accept Christ and Him crucified; after which he ever remained a faithful follower of the Lord Jesus, and a promoter of Christian work. He became Warden of St. Thomas', Sunderland, for which Church he did a great deal. He was elected member of the Town Council of Bishopwearmouth in 1861, and in 1871 he was made Alderman of the Sunderland Ward; had he lived longer, he would have attained the chief civil dignity there. His funeral was attended by the whole Town Council in its official capacity. He left a family of four sons and five daughters, all of whom were doing well at that time.
Levy, Philip, was converted in England, at the beginning of the eighteenth century. He published an English, Hebrew, and Chaldee Grammar in 1705, at Oxford.
Lewald, Fanny, daughter of a Jewish banker at Königsberg, and born 1811, became a member of the Evangelical Church by baptism in 1828. She is distinguished as a great authoress. Her works comprise twelve vols., six of them under the title, "Meine Lebens Geschichte" (Autobiography), Berlin, 1871-75. She died at the age of 78, in 1889.
Lewis, Dr. de Leno, was editor of "Israel's Watchman," at Baltimore, 1888.
Lichtenstein, George Philipp (Susskind Mayer), was born at Frankfort in 1606, and became a Christian through intercourse with pious Christians, and through hearing Christian hymns.
Lichtenstein, Jacob, the brother of the above, born in 1826, became a more famous pastor and theologian. He published "Das Leben unsers Herrn," Erlangen, 1855; "Prüfet alles und das Gute behaltet," 1870. He died in 1875.
Lichtenstein, Jehiel Zebi (Hershensohn), was born at Jassy, in 1831, and brought up in Bessarabia, among the Chassidim and Kabbalists. Having received a New Testament at Jassy, he studied it diligently, and being convinced that Jesus was the Messiah, he baptized himself in a river in 1855. In 1868, he published a Kabbalistic book, entitled, "Limude hanebiim," in which he tried to show that the teaching of the Kabbalah and of the New Testament are identical. In 1872, he came to London and was baptized by Dr. Stern. He then assisted for a short time Mr. Dworkowicz in Warsaw and Pastor Weber in Neudeklslau. From 1874 to 1879 he laboured as a missionary of the Berlin Society in Berlin. He then was for a time in Russia, whence he went to Leipzig in 1885, where he was afterwards appointed to be one of the tutors at the Institutum Delitzschianum. He is the author, besides the above-mentioned, of the following Hebrew works: – "Chizzuk Emunah Emeth" (A defence of Christianity against the Jewish book "Chizzuk Emunah,") 1879; "Toldoth Jeshua," a refutation of the book under that name, 1883; "A Short Rabbinic Commentary on the whole of the New Testament," published gradually. Lichtenstein also translated the whole of the Old Testament into Yiddish for the British and Foreign Bible Society, of which parts have appeared.
Lichtenstein, Johann Daniel, son of the above, who was baptized in his youth, became afterwards a very devoted Pastor in Frankfort. It is recorded that he displayed self-sacrificing activity, especially among the sick and the prisoners. He died in 1862, and in allusion to his name "Lightstone," the people said of him that "he was a light which consumed itself."
Lichtenstein, Moritz, born 1824, embraced Christianity in 1842 together with his mother and brothers and sisters. Moritz became a preacher of the Gospel in 1855, and died 1876.
Lichtenstein, Rabbi J., is one of the most remarkable converts to Christianity in the nineteenth century. The story is briefly this: Finding one day a New Testament in the school under his charge, he took it away, and hid it in his library. Then during an anti-Semitic agitation in Hungary he, thinking that there must be something in the teaching of the New Testament, which excited enmity against the Jews, examined it carefully, and was convinced of the contrary, and more, he began to admire and to love the Lord Jesus, and gradually to quote passages from the New Testament in his sermons in the synagogue of Tapio Szele, of which he had been minister for forty years. He also wrote three pamphlets – "Der Talmud auf der Anklage Bank," Budapesth, 1866; "Mein Zeugniss," 1886; "Die Liebe und die Bekehrung, ein sehr ernstes wort zu sehr ernster Zeit." At last some of his congregation accused him to the chief rabbi of Budapest of heterodoxy. Rabbi Lichtenstein then confessed his faith in Jesus Christ crucified. The result was that he had to resign his office, and to the end of his life he lived as a Christian, constantly preaching the Gospel in Pesth though not baptized. He died in the Lord in 1908.
Lipschitz, Benjamin, a convert to Christianity, died 1876, in Vienna, leaving to the inhabitants of his birthplace, Kriegshaber, near Augsburg, 70,000 gulden, to be equally divided between Jews and Christians. Besides this he bequeathed 35,000 gulden to the Jewish Congregation of Augsburg, 100,000 gulden for the Jewish Home at Munich, and 100,000 gulden for the Jewish Home at Vienna.
Lipshytz, Christlieb T., Director of the Barbican Mission to the Jews, London. Born in 1858 at Warsaw, the capital of Poland, he was brought up in strict Judaism, according to the principles of his orthodox Jewish parents. It was essential that he should undergo a Talmudical Jewish training, and in addition he was given a thorough secular education. When he was five years of age, his eldest sister became a Christian, and for this she endured severe persecution. Her testimony made a deep impression on the mind of her brother, and awakened a desire in his heart to know what it was that Christianity really taught. So strong was this desire that while at the secular high school in his native city, he embraced every possible opportunity of listening to the religious instruction given to the Gentile pupils. For this he was chastised by his father, but the severe punishment inflicted was of no avail, for the Spirit of God had directed the message of the Gospel home to his heart, and within a short time he surrendered to the Lord. The bitter persecution through which his sister had passed was a vivid and painful memory, and it is not surprising that Lipshytz hesitated to incur the same suffering by making a public confession in his native place. Eventually he went away to Königsberg. Here, after a course of instruction by a missionary of the London Jews' Society (Mr. Skolkowski) and the Rev. Konsistorialrath Dr. Kahle, he was baptized on the 19th October, 1878. After further study and preparation he worked under the auspices of the home mission in the North of Germany, and afterwards in connexion with the mission among Jews in the West of Germany. Coming to England, Mr. Lipshytz was for some time superintendent of the Wanderers' Home, under the direction of the late Rev. J. M. Eppstein. At the close of 1887 he became assistant missionary to the Rev. Paul Warschawski. When the latter relinquished the mission on account of failing health, the work was in danger of coming to an untimely end. At this crisis Prebendary Gordon Calthrop, who became the first President, called together a number of friends, with the result that Mr. Lipshytz was asked to undertake the re-organization of the work. After prayerful consideration, the invitation was accepted. For two years and a-half the mission was housed in London Wall, thence a removal was made to larger premises in Finsbury Square, which were occupied for seven years. From the first, Mr. Lipshytz exercised remarkable tact and ability, and it became increasingly evident that under his able direction the mission was destined to become a powerful agency in proclaiming the Gospel to the Jews and winning their allegiance to Christ. Prebendary Gordon Calthrop had now passed to his rest, and Archdeacon Sinclair succeeded as President, to be followed after a time by Prebendary H. W. Webb-Peploe, a life-long friend of Israel. With his unfailing energy and enthusiasm, Mr. Lipshytz set about raising a memorial to the memory of the first President of the mission, and in this he had from the first the hearty co-operation of the devoted men who formed his council. The outcome was the erection of the perfectly equipped and commodious headquarters of the Barbican Mission situated on the main thoroughfare of Whitechapel, and known as "The Gordon Calthrop Memorial," which was dedicated and opened in the spring of 1901. Besides the mission house and church, the property includes a spacious open-air preaching ground, with a stone pulpit. The entire scheme involved an outlay of £13,000, the whole of which sum was soon raised. Having succeeded in this matter, Mr. Lipshytz realized the necessity for providing a Home for Converts and Enquirers, and a permanent residence for the head of the mission. This he was also able to accomplish, and the Home at Mitcham, which cost £3,500, was soon freed from debt. With all his undertakings Mr. Lipshytz was careful to see that the spiritual work of the mission was not neglected. "First things" were given first place: hence the mission abundantly prospered in his hands.
Löbel, Carl Friedrich Raphael, a native of Lissa, in Prussian Poland, was baptized by Pastor Hasselman in Soran, in 1825. He studied Pedagogy, became a very effective schoolmaster, and wrote: – "Gebete für die Schule," 1836; "Erklärungen der Episteln," 1859. He founded a Rescue Home, and died in 1869.
Lobgott, Abraham Meyer (sometimes called Gottlob), a native of Posen, was instructed and baptized by Pastor Schultz in Berlin in 1769. He studied theology in Halle. He translated Elias Levita's "Massoreth ha Massorah," which Dr. Semler published in 1773. He also translated the first three chapters of Mendelssohn's Judæo-German Pentateuch into German, Erlangen, 1786. He published in 1775, during the time of his studies, "Sententiae Rabb. de successione ab intestato et testimentaria collectae a R. Joseph Karo" (Schulchan Aruch).
Lopes, Sir Manasseh Massey, Bart., was born in Jamaica in 1755, and died 1838. He belonged to the Sephardim Jews. Both he and his father Mordecai Rodriguez Lopes embraced Christianity in 1802. In that year Manasseh was returned to Parliament as member for New Romney and was created a baronet in 1805. At the next election, he was returned as member for Barnstaple, and lastly, for Westbury, where he held also the office of Recorder, in addition to being a magistrate for two counties.
Lotka, Rev. J., a native of Russian Poland, where he was brought up by his parents in strict orthodoxy, but as he arrived at the age of discretion, he somehow managed to study, besides Hebrew and the Talmud, the Polish and the German languages. Becoming acquainted with much Christian literature he had a great desire to read the New Testament, and this led him to give up the position of a Jewish teacher and to come to London for the purpose of receiving further Christian instruction by Dr. Ewald, who baptized him on November 22, 1863. About two years later he went from the Operative Jewish Converts' Institution to Basel, studied theology, and was sent out to labour as a Pastor among the Germans in Illinois, U.S.A. In 1879 he was appointed Professor of Hebrew in an Episcopal Seminary near Chicago, where he did also missionary work among the Jews. In 1872, he joined the L.J.S. and was sent to Lemberg, where he laboured for ten years, and visited many towns in Galicia. In 1881, after he had been on a tour of enquiry with the Rev. Frederick Smith in the Crimea, he was sent to Persia, where he remained from two to three years, and laid, so to speak, a solid foundation for the revived mission there. He subsequently laboured for a few years at Posen and Bucharest, and much longer in Birmingham, and then succeeded the Rev. J. C. S. Kroenig at Hull. He was the author of several tracts.
Löwe, H. G. F., a Hebrew Christian living in Hamburg. With a view to make known, both to Jews, and Christians, the nature of rabbinic Judaism, he wrote the following works: – 1. A translation of the first chapter of Berachoth (Benedictions), with preface, introduction, and three appendices, 1836. 2. A translation of four parts of the Shulchan Aruch Aben Ezra, Hoshen Hamishpat, Orach Hayim and Yoreh Deah, 1836-1840.
Löwen, Moses Gotthold (Pseudon, Hananiah Berliner), was born August 8, 1859, just at the time when his father, dressed in mourning, was sitting on the floor in the synagogue, bewailing the destruction of Jerusalem. When the father returned home, a near relative presented him with his firstborn son. His parents educated him after the manner of orthodox Jews, and he studied diligently the Talmud and the "Shulchan Aruch," but very little the Old Testament. When the boy was fifteen years of age, he was employed by the rabbi of Sombar, in Galicia, as a copyist, and for this he received from him instruction in rabbinical writings, in the Bible, and in religious philological literature. This distinguished savant, Joshua Hullas by name, was liberal-minded and exercised a salutary influence upon the boy. Later on he perceived the untenableness of the rabbinic views of the world, and gave up the idea of becoming a rabbi as his parents wished. He then devoted himself to commerce, but found no pleasure in it. Then he met the Rev. J. Lotka, missionary of the L.J.S. at Lemberg, and for the first time learned to know the New Testament and other Christian literature; and after an inward struggle, lasting ten years, in which the late Professor Franz Delitzsch encouraged him to persevere, he threw himself at the feet of Jesus, and became His faithful disciple. He was admitted into the Church of Christ by baptism, by the Rev. P. E. Gottheil, in Stuttgart, in 1886. Two years later he entered the service of the Berlin Society for Promoting Christianity among the Jews, under whom for years he laboured with great blessing upon his efforts. Löwen's work was mostly of a literary character. In 1888, he wrote a useful booklet in Yiddish, entitled "Siach l'Elohim," through which he introduced the jargon of the Eastern Jews into Christian literature. A year later he joined Chr. Theophilus Lucky, in editing the Hebrew monthly periodical, "Eduth l'Israel." This was and remained the first Jewish Christian periodical in the sacred language. He worked at this difficult post for only two years, but continued in co-operation with Professor Dalman for fifteen years in the publication of his monthly Yiddish periodical, "Berith Am." He also contributed numerous articles, poems, narratives, etc., to "Nathanael" and to "Messiasbote," publications of the Berlin Society. On Löwen's suggestion, the International Jewish Missionary Conference at Leipzig in 1897, resolved to offer a prize for a life of Christ in Yiddish. Amongst the competitors was the well-known Joseph Rabinowitz, but the umpires, Professor Strack and the Rev. A. Bernstein, adjudged the prize to Löwen's work, which is entitled "Podeh Umazil," which has found great acceptance among the Jews. In 1901 a collection of essays appeared from his pen, under the title, "Brod und Salz" (bread and salt), which was gladly read. He also brought out a series of booklets entitled "Orchim," which was of the greatest missionary value. Löwen was stationed in Berlin, Lemberg, Posen, and Vienna, where he continued to testify to the Jews of the unsearchable riches of Christ, and the Lord crowned his work with success, in that he was permitted to witness a spirit of enquiry among the Jews, not a few of whom acknowledged Him as their Lord and Saviour through his labours.
Löwenthal, Rev. Isidor, a native of Posen, where he received a liberal education, finishing his studies at the Gymnasium at the age of seventeen. His father wished him to enter into business, but he had no taste for such a life. With companions of the same age, he founded a liberal political union, and owing to a poem of a radical character, which he recited in public, he was arrested by the police. For this reason he emigrated to New York in 1846. On his arrival he tried to get employment, but failed. He was then obliged to become a pedlar. One cold November day he offered his goods to the Rev. S. M. Gayley, of Wilmington, Delaware, who, noticing his poor plight, invited him to his house, where in conversation he soon learned that Löwenthal was well educated. He then offered him hospitality until he should find a situation as teacher of German and French. This he procured for him in Fayette College at Easton, Pa., in 1847. There Löwenthal was indefatigable in his studies of the English language and literature. His iron will and his excellent memory enabled him soon to overcome all difficulties. Hitherto he had not revealed to Mr. Gayley his Jewish nationality, but now he not only did this but also told him that the family prayers and the services which he had attended had led him to study the Scriptures, and that he was convinced of the truth of Christianity. He was then baptized by Mr. Gayley in the Presbyterian Church. In 1848 he became teacher of languages at Mount Holly Collegiate School, where he remained several years. Mr. Philipps, of the First Presbyterian Church, New York, advised him to study for the ministry, and he entered the Theological Seminary at Princeton, New Jersey in 1852. During his course there he contributed articles to the "Biblical Repository." When about to leave the Seminary, he gave a lecture on Indian missions and then offered his services to the Board of Foreign Missions. The Board sent him in 1856 to Afghanistan. He acquired the language in one year, so that he could preach in it fluently; but he was only permitted to labour there seven years. During this short time he translated the whole of the New Testament in Pushtu and printed it, and compiled a dictionary of that language which he left in manuscript. He preached easily in five languages, and none knew the East better than he did. He possessed the largest collection of Asiatic MSS. and rare books that ever was the lot of a European. He was beloved by the natives and Europeans alike. Sir John Lawrence, especially during the mutiny, consulted him as a friend. He preached uninterruptedly in Afghanistan and in the Khyber Pass. At the last, he was shot dead by his own servant, it is said through a mistake, who, seeing him walking on the roof at night, took him for a thief. This was in 1864, when he was only thirty-eight.
Lowitz, Rev. J., laboured for years as a missionary of the British Society at Algiers, where he also acted as agent for the British and Foreign Bible Society. In 1872 he succeeded Davidsohn as principal of the British Society's Home for Converts and Enquirers, at 28, Alfred Place, Bedford Square, London.
Lucky, Rev. C. Theophilus, a native of Tisminitz, in Galicia, and a most remarkable convert to Christianity in the nineteenth century. He was known not only as a great Hebrew scholar, writing Hebrew in classical style as a living language, and as thoroughly conversant with the whole range of Jewish literature, but also as possessing a wide knowledge of Christian literature. Having studied at the Berlin University and High School for the knowledge of Judaism, and making researches in philosophical and religious subjects, he was led to become a believer. Lucky received Evangelical ordination in New York. In 1887 he first published a Hebrew periodical, "Eduth le Israel," which he continued for some years, when he returned to Galicia and took up his residence in Stanislau. There he lived and laboured among his brethren, preaching by the written and spoken word, but above all by his example, scarcely receiving any help from men. He was a living illustration of a Hebrew Christian of the first century; though thoroughly Orthodox as to the cardinal doctrines of Christianity, yet he believed that it was incumbent upon him to observe the Jewish Sabbath and all other Jewish festivals and the dietary laws, not for the sake of being justified by the works of the law, but for the sake of satisfying his own conscience, and that he might be more useful as an evangelist amongst his brethren in Galicia.
Maas, Dr. M., was a teacher at Breslau in the nineteenth century, and wrote the following works, advocating amalgamation of the Jews with Christians: "Die Sociale Stellung der Juden in Deutschland und das Ceremonial Gesetz," Löbau, 1876; "Die Mischehe das Einzig wirksame mittel einer dauernden Vereinigung zwischen der jüdischen und christlichen Bevölkerung Deutschland's," ib.
Mackhan, Beatus Christian (Nehemiah Cohen), after having travelled in three continents, and held the office of Rabbi at Avignon embraced Christianity, in the Baltic Provinces in 1672. In 1690 he published in the German language: "Schriftmässiger Jesus – Palmbaum oder Klarer Beweissthum wider die Juden, dass Jesus der wahre Messias sei" (Riga), Wolf, Bibliotheca Hebraica 3. N., 1648.
Magath, Rev. Julius, some time after his baptism became Professor in the Wesleyan College in Oxford (Georgia, U.S.A.) Later on he was requested by the Conference to do missionary work among the Jews. In 1886 he published a periodical entitled, "The Hebrew Missionary," and this was changed in 1888 to "The Hebrew Messenger." He also translated a treatise, written by the Roman Catholic Jewish convert M. M. Leman, entitled, "Jesus before the Sanhedrin," 1887.