Czytaj książkę: «English for AVT specialists. Английский для специалистов в сфере аудиовизуальных технологий. Сборник текстов и упражнений по английскому языку»
Технический консультант Антон Иванович Гудков
© Ирина Ивановна Борисова, 2021
ISBN 978-5-4493-6662-7
Создано в интеллектуальной издательской системе Ridero
Данное учебное пособие представляет собой сборник текстов и упражнений по английскому языку для изучающих аудиовизуальные технологии. В задачи пособия входят расширение лексического запаса обучающихся в сфере профессиональной терминологии, формирование коммуникативной компетенции специалиста, обучение студентов иноязычной профессионально ориентированной устной и письменной речи.
Сборник предназначен для учебных заведений, готовящих специалистов в сфере аудиовизуальных технологий. Структура настоящего пособия, глоссарий и ключи к упражнениям позволяют использовать его для самостоятельной работы.
Материалы, включенные в сборник, прошли успешную апробацию в центре аудиовизуальных технологий одного из колледжей г. Москвы.
Предисловие
Предлагаемое учебное пособие предназначено для студентов учебных заведений, готовящих специалистов в области аудиовизуальных технологий. Работа выполнена в соответствии с современными требованиями, предъявляемыми к преподаванию иностранного языка с учётом профессиональной направленности обучения. Настоящее пособие является неотъемлемым компонентом учебно – методического комплекса по изучаемой дисциплине, обеспечивая преподавателей и обучающихся необходимыми материалами в части «Профессионально – ориентированный модуль».
Основными целями пособия являются формирование иноязычной профессиональной коммуникативной компетенции специалиста, овладение культурой устной и письменной речи, усвоение общих и профессиональных компетенций, предусмотренных Федеральными государственными образовательными стандартами по специальности.
Тематический подбор материалов обусловлен требованиями программы и задачами подготовки специалистов в области аудиовизуальных технологий. Тематика текстов охватывает факты из истории объёмного звука (от эпохи Ренессанса до наших дней), техническую эволюцию в области объёмного звучания и звукооператорского мастерства, информацию о знаменательных событиях и людях, которые внесли весомый вклад в развитие новых технологий в данной сфере. К каждому тексту даны задания, разработанные в соответствии с отечественными и зарубежными методиками обучения чтению и другим видам речевой деятельности, а также упражнения на развитие определённых аспектов английского языка. В сборник также включены задания в формате ЕГЭ (Unified State Examination) и международного экзамена FCE (First Certificate in English) с использованием текстов пособия. Упражнения на совершенствование лексических и грамматических навыков сопровождаются справочными материалами, объяснениями, правилами и примерами. При создании заданий выдерживались принципы коммуникативности, преемственности и многоуровневости.
Содержание учебного пособия позволяет справляться с заданиями даже тем, кто ещё не достиг порогового (Threshold or Intermediate) уровня владения иностранным языком. В то же время, проблемно-коммуникативная методика, применённая при построении заданий, позволяет обучающимся, владеющим английским языком на продвинутом уровне (Upper intermediate, Advanced), совершенствовать монологическую речь и принимать участие в дискуссиях на заданные темы.
Многоуровневый личностно-деятельностный подход, лежащий в основе разработки предлагаемого сборника, способствует практическому овладению языком профессиональной деятельности, культурой устной и письменной логически осмысленной, грамматически правильной речи.
Занятия, проведённые с использованием данных материалов, подтвердили их актуальность и выявили большой интерес к ним со стороны студентов. Пособие разработано и составлено при содействии преподавателей специальных дисциплин центра аудиовизуальных технологий одного из колледжей г. Москвы, а также выпускника колледжа Гудкова Антона (выпуск 2013 г.), который являлся техническим консультантом и давал разъяснения по рассматриваемым темам.
Структура пособия
Данное пособие представляет собой сборник текстов и упражнений по специальностям в сфере аудиовизуальных технологий. Сборник включает в себя 10 разделов (Units), содержащих 16 текстов. На проработку каждого текста предположительно отводится 2—4 академических часа.
В сборнике приведены тексты, представляющие определённую профессиональную ситуацию. В конце каждого текста имеется глоссарий новых слов и выражений (Essential glossary). Тексты сопровождаются различными упражнениями, включая задания в формате ЕГЭ (Unified State Examination) и международного экзамена FCE (First Certificate in English).
Изучение каждой части раздела (текста) начинается с предтекстовых заданий Pre-reading, которые выявляют объём словарного запаса и знания обучающихся о предмете изучаемой темы (brainstorming and predicting), определяют речевую задачу для прочтения текста, создают у студентов нужную мотивацию.
Далее следуют задания подраздела Subject and language study на развитие навыков просмотрового и поискового чтения (skimming and scanning), а также изучающего чтения (reading in detail). Здесь также присутствуют упражнения на повторение грамматики (grammar revision) и усвоение лексики (vocabulary work), которые предваряются кратким изложением основных правил и примерами.
Речевые упражнения подраздела Talking and discussing point направлены на решение задач профессионально – ролевого общения в моделируемых ситуациях, формируя у обучающихся, помимо языковых, и профессиональные навыки специалиста.
Обучение письменной речи в подразделе Writing обеспечивается выполнением заданий на выработку навыков креативного письма (рассказ, эссе, комментарии к высказываниям известных людей и пр.), созданием электронных презентаций, написанием формального и неформального письма и других письменных работ. Основными форматами для заданий являются форматы ЕГЭ и FCE.
Подраздел Check point проверяет уровень усвоения тематического и лексического материала. Данные задания также подходят для выполнения студентами в качестве самопроверки. В конце учебного пособия приводятся ответы к упражнениям, что позволяет использовать пособие для самостоятельной работы.
Unit 1
From the history of sound production
Text 1. Part 1. The Renaissance —
the 1940s
PRE-READING
1. Read the heading of the unit. Write down some words and phrases related to the subject.
2. Can you guess the meaning of these words?
Natural, mono, stereo, history, Renaissance, composer, compose, antiphonal, music, musician, cathedral, choir, organ, incorporate, sonic, effect, concert, hall, German, conductor, complex, orchestra, perform, foyer, audience, specialist, laboratory, telephone, experiment, multichannel, audio, format, system, idea, animated, film, soundtrack, concert, hall, record, technology, engineer, pioneer, reproduction, control, front, configuration, subwoofer, prototype, group, cinematic, commercial, stereophonic, dramatically, military, various, klaxon.
3. Tell the class what you already know on the topic.
4. a) Talk to your classmate. Give your own definition of that special period in the history of humankind called «the Renaissance».
b) Report your definitions back to the class. Discuss and compare your ideas.
c) Study some dictionary definitions of «the Renaissance». Do they differ from how you defined it?
5. You are going to read an article about the history of surround sound. Before you start reading, discuss the following points with the group.
1) What is surround sound? How does it work?
2) Can you name some examples of surround sound systems?
3 What kind of music did the Renaissance composers write?
4) What do you know about the European musicians Hector Berlioz and Richard Wagner?
5) How did Walt Disney and his engineers contribute to the surround sound appearance?
SUBJECT AND LANGUAGE STUDY
Reading
6. Skim the text to complete the following statements:
a) This text considers the…
b) It tells the readers how…
c) Each paragraph gives us information about…
It is more natural for the human ear to listen in surround than to hear sounds in mono or stereo. If we go back to the history as far as the 14—16th centuries, we will see that the Renaissance composers who wrote antiphonal church music managed to fill vast cathedral spaces with the sound of the choir or organ incorporating side-to-side or front-to-rear sonic effects. In 1830, Hector Berlioz composed his Symphonie Fantastique whose score called for the horns to be placed at the back of the concert hall. The German composer and conductor Richard Wagner (1813—1883) created works so mighty and complex that they required large orchestras and the musicians to perform in the foyer, under the stage, and even among the people in the audience.
Throughout the 1930s specialists at Bell Laboratories (also called Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) carried out experiments with different multichannel audio formats, including three-channel stereo or system 3.1 (left, center, right). In 1938, Walt Disney triggered off the idea of adding surround sound to his upcoming animated film, Fantasia. The soundtrack was recorded using a technology called Fantasound developed by Disney engineers. Fantasound was a pioneering sound reproduction system, which stored three channels of audio (3.1) and a control track on the film itself. The sound was playbacked through five channels: three front speakers and two rear ones. This speaker configuration, sans subwoofer, was the prototype of the 5.1 arrangement, which is in common use today. Besides – amazingly – the same group of engineers invented multitrack recording, panning, and overdubbing! Thus, Fantasia became the first commercial cinematic release shown in stereophonic sound.
Unfortunately, war preparations dramatically curtailed further advance of surround sound technologies in entertainment. However, multichannel audio was used by the military for identifying the source of the sound: independent speakers were dedicated to various alarm sounds (for example, klaxon, bell, horn) aboard warships and it helped sailors in an emergency instantly locate the entering sound.
Essential glossary
• antiphonal – одноголосый, монофонический
• to incorporate – соединять (ся), объединять (ся)
• sonic – звуковой
• score – муз. оркестровать
• horn – рожок, рог, горн, труба, духовой инструмент
• conductor – дирижёр
• surround sound system – система объёмного звучания
• store – сохранять, запоминать
• film – плёнка
• to playback – воспроизводить, считывать
• speaker – динамик, громкоговоритель, акустическая система, колонка
• subwoofer – низкочастотный динамик, отдельная низкочастотная колонка
• panning – панорамирование
• overdubbing – накладывание одной (магнитофонной) записи на другую
• entertainment – сфера развлечений
• alarm – тревога
• emergency – чрезвычайные обстоятельства
• to locate – определять местонахождение
7. Scan the reading passage. What are the answers to the questions in exercise 5?
8. Read the text quickly. Put the names and the events mentioned in the text in the chronological order.
Richard Wagner; military preparations; the Renaissance composers; Walt Disney’s Fantasia; Hector Berlioz and his Symphonie Fantastique, invention of multitrack recording, panning and overdubbing; Bell Laboratories.
9. Find the English equivalents for the following words and expressions in the passage.
Церковная музыка; заполнять огромные пространства храма звуком хора или органа; величественные и сложные; зрительный зал; в течение 30х; в прошлом известные как; провели эксперименты; инициировал идею; выходящий в прокат мультфильм; непосредственно на самой плёнке; три передних динамика и два задних; без низкочастотного динамика; который сегодня широко распространён; подготовка к войне; дальнейшее развитие технологий объёмного звучания; источник звука; различные сигналы тревоги; на борту военных судов; немедленно определить местонахождение.
10. Read the text in more detail and find the answers to the following questions.
1) What did the Renaissance composers try to do for listening church music in surround?
2) What was so special about Hector Berlioz’s Symphonie Fantastique regarding surround sound?
3) How are Richard Wagner’s works described in the article?
4) What kind of experiment did the Bell Laboratories specialists do with different audio formats?
5) What technology did Disney engineers develop in order to record the soundtrack for the animated film Fantasia?
6) How did the military forces employ multichannel audio systems?
11. Match the people (1—7) with their achievements (a-g).
1) specialists at Bell Laboratories
2 Richard Wagner
3) the military
4) Walt Disney
5) the Renaissance composers
6) Hector Berlioz
7) Disney engineers
a) his music was performed by orchestras so big that the musicians had to play scattered around the concert hall: in the foyer, under the stage, and even in the audience;
b) the location of the sound was identified by the multichannel audio system;
c) they wrote music designed to achieve spatial effects in large cathedrals;
d) used his great idea in one of the upcoming animated films;
e) the score of his work required that the musicians playing the horns had to stand at the rear of the hall;
f) did experiments with various multichannel audio formats;
g) invented a new technology called Fantasound
12. All the terms in the left column below are mentioned in text 1. Match the terms with their definitions in the right column.
Grammar revision: regular and irregular verbs
Regular verbs
The past simple and past participle of regular verbs end in —ed.
Describe-described-described, include-included-included
Irregular verbs
Irregular verbs do not follow this rule. For some irregulars, all the three forms are the same.
Hit-hit-hit, let-let-let, put-put-put
For other irregular verbs, the past simple is the same as the past participle.
Tell-told-told, make-made-made, catch-caught-caught
With some other verbs, the three forms are different.
Write-wrote-written, do-did-done, show-showed-shown
There are some verbs that can be regular or irregular.
Burn-burned-burned or burn-burnt-burnt
Dream-dreamed-dreamed or dream-dreamt – dreamt
It is more usual to use the irregular forms in British English.
We use the past participle for making the perfect tenses and the passive forms.
The engineers have carried out numerous experiments with different audio formats recently. (present perfect)
The sound was playbacked through five channels: three front speakers and two rear ones. (past simple passive)
13. Some of these verbs are regular and some are irregular. Give their three forms. Work out the meaning of the words that you do not know from the context.
Example: hear-heard-heard
Go, see, be, write, manage, fill, incorporate, compose, call for, place, create, require, perform, know, carry out, trigger off, record, develop, store, playback, invent, become, show, curtail, use, dedicate, help, locate.
Use the verbs in your own sentences.
Vocabulary work
14. Look through the text and write a list of key words. Compare it with your classmate’s list. Make up new sentences with them.
TALKING AND DISCUSSING POINT
15. Think of a plan to the article. Make a summary of the article according to your plan.
16. Explain these words and expressions from the text.
To hear sounds in mono or stereo, vast cathedral spaces, conductor, audience, pioneering sound reproduction system, sans subwoofer, prototype, stereophonic sound, source of the sound, emergency, instantly.
17. What have you learnt from the text about the following?
– The Renaissance composers and their antiphonal church music
– Walt Disney’s Fantasound
– Bell Labs experiments
18. Speak on music. Comment on the statements.
– Music distracts us from daily routine.
– Can you imagine your day without music?
– A tuneful song barely heard out of the open window, a brass band playing somewhere at a distance, birds singing nicely in the garden… There is so much music around us that sometimes we do not even notice it.
WRITING
19. Write a composition on the topic (120—180 words).
So what is music?
20. Make a report, an electronic presentation or do a project on one of the following topics:
– The Renaissance music
– Hector Berlioz. His life and works
– Richard Wagner and his influence on music
– Bell Laboratories. Discoveries and developments
– Walt Disney’s Fantasia
CHECK POINT
21. Complete the following statements basing on the information in the first part of Unit 1. You do not need more than three words, symbols or numbers for each gap.
1) Renaissance composers wrote their antiphonal music with the sound of the choir or organ incorporating side-to-side or front-to-rear sonic effects to be played in…
2) Hector Berlioz’s Symphonie Fantastique was performed with the horns placed at the back of the…
3) Richard Wagner’s works were so impressive and complicated that they needed large orchestras; the musicians stood in the foyer, under the stage, and even among the people in the…
4) In the 1930s, specialists at Bell Labs experimented with three-channel stereo or system…, as well as with other multichannel audio formats.
5) Fantasound was the first sound reproduction system, which stored three… (3.1) and a control track on the film itself.
6) The sound in Fantasound was playbacked through five channels: three front speakers and two…
7) This speaker configuration in Fantasound, sans subwoofer, became the prototype of the…
8) Besides, the same group of Disney engineers created multitrack recording, panning and…!
9) Further development of surround sound technologies in entertainment was curtailed by…
10) Multichannel audio was utilized by the… for identifying the source of the sound.
Text 2. Part 2. The 1950—1980s
PRE-READING
1. What do you know about the following things:
– the arrival of the television;
– gimmicks used to make film watching more entertaining;
– home «hi-fi» arrangements
2. Look at the statement: «In the 1950s, the rise of the television became a real threat to the cinema.» Why do you think it happened? Work in groups of three or four and discuss your ideas. Report them to the class.
3. What do you think these words and word combinations mean?
Dominant source, public entertainment, film studios, technological advance, 3D glasses, auditorium, limit, economic factors, professionals, frustration, numerous technical problems, vinyl medium, aesthetic problems, full-range front channels, minimum number of speakers.
4. Name some more words and phrases you know relating to the subject.
SUBJECT AND LANGUAGE STUDY
Reading
5. Skim the reading passage to complete the statements.
The text considers…
It describes…
Each paragraph tells us…
6. Look through the passage and spot the answers to these questions.
1) What technological advances did the film studios introduce to fight the television?
2) Why did the idea of the four-channel configuration Quad fail?
3) When did the system 5.1 appear?
By the early 1950s, the movie certainly remained the dominant source of public entertainment. Nevertheless, the rise of the television became a real threat to the cinema. In fact, the growing popularity of the television influenced meaningfully the profits of the film industry. The film studios fought back desperately introducing one technological advance after another. Though some of them were just gimmicks to attract viewers (things like 3D glasses), other ones, such as the wide-screen cinemascope, eventually developed into significant improvements. Another achievement worth mentioning was a four-channel stereo (three front speakers accompanied by a switchable «effects» speaker). Soon after that, 70 mm 6-track film was invented. It had five front channels (left, left/center, center, center/right, right) plus a dedicated effects channel placed in the auditorium. However, mastering these technologies was limited by certain economic factors.
Home audio systems were also evolving greatly. By the 1960s, home «hi-fi» arrangements were all the rage. Stereo sound replaced monaural as a standard. The stereo recordings of a ping – pong ball bouncing between speakers stimulated the rise of today’s consumer surround sound.
In the early 1970s many professionals felt a kind of frustration at the scanty abilities of two speakers leading to research into the consumer surround sound which resulted in an analog four – channel configuration called Quad. It was a progressive idea going ahead of its time. It failed, however, beset by numerous technical (inability of the vinyl medium to carry four discrete signals without strong crosstalk and compromises in frequency response), economic (there were a lot of competing, non-compatible formats) and even aesthetic problems (the public did not completely understand the psychoacoustics of the four-channel sound.)
However, by the late 1970s, the first digital audio sets made an appearance at the market. The film industry was pushing forward its positions, too. Dolby Laboratories started their work at a matrixing system «Dolby Stereo» where three front speakers and an array of rear speakers received information through four channels derived from two stereo channels that were printed optically onto film. Dolby professionals also made an introduction of a separate «boom» subwoofer channel, or so called the «LFE channel» (which stands for Low Frequency Effects). It effectively increased dynamic range (the difference between the softest sound and the loudest sound perceived) in cinematic installations.
By the mid – 1980s, the system 5.1 was supposed to be a standard for 70 mm cinematic releases. It was composed of three full-range front channels (left, center, right), two full-range rear channels, and a subwoofer. In the name «5.1» the». 1» stands for the LFE channel because it carries only approximately one – tenth of the frequency range of the other channels. Researchers considered this as being the minimum number of speakers needed to supply the listener with an enveloping, immersive sound perception, as well as providing a sufficient level of localization (the capability to receive a sound as coming from a definite point in space). The 5.1 is still the most common configuration used for surround sound today.
Essential glossary
• profit – прибыль, выгода
• advance – продвижение, достижение
• gimmick – приём, трюк, уловка
• viewer – зритель
• improvement – улучшение, усовершенствование
• achievement – достижение
• switchable – переключаемый
• dedicated channel – выделенный канал
• be all the rage – достигать крайней степени, предела
• monaural sound – монауральный, относящийся к одному уху, монофонический
• consumer – потребитель
• research – научное исследование
• vinyl medium – виниловый носитель
• crosstalk – перекрёстные помехи, диафония
• frequency response – частотная характеристика
• psychoacoustics – психоакустика
• range – диапазон
• installation – установка, инсталляция
• compose – составлять, компоновать
• approximately – примерно, приблизительно
• immersive – многонаправленный, с одновременным воздействием на человека посредством нескольких каналов восприятия (зрение, слух, осязание, обоняние); иммерсивный, создающий эффект присутствия
• sufficient – удовлетворительный
• the most common – наиболее употребляемый
• capability – способность
7. Scan the article and use the words in brackets to complete the statements.
1) By the early 1950s, the increasing popularity of the television became a… to the movies.
2) By the 1960s, home «hi-fi» schemes were all the rage. Stereo sound took the place of… as a standard.
3) In spite of being a progressive idea going ahead of its time, the usage of… failed, attacked by numerous technical, economic, and even aesthetic problems.
4) The 1970s featured intense development of both audio and…
5) By the mid – 1980s, …, which still remains the most widely used surround sound configuration, became a standard for 70 mm cinematic releases.
(5.1 system, real threat, video technologies, monaural, Quad)
8. Read the text in more detail and answer the questions.
1) What source of public entertainment threatened the cinema in the early 50s?
2) What did the film studios do in what seemed to be a losing battle with television? What technological advances were offered by audio engineers?
3) What sound system was accepted as a standard instead of the old one in the early 1960s?
4) What caused the first exploration into the consumer surround sound? What was its result?
5) When did the early digital audio devices appear at the marketplace?
6) What does «Dolby Stereo» consist of?
7) What does the». 1» stand for in the system 5.1?
9. Find the English equivalents for the following words and expressions in the text.
Основной источник в сфере развлечений; развитие (восхождение) телевидения; угроза кинематографу; прибыли в сфере киноиндустрии; одно техническое достижение за другим; уловки для привлечения зрителей; в конечном итоге преобразовались в значительные усовершенствования; достижение, которое стоит упомянуть; который располагался в зрительном зале; освоение этих технологий; скудные возможности систем с двумя динамиками; система объёмного звука для потребителя; идея, опережающая своё время; осаждённая многочисленными техническими, экономическими проблемами, и даже проблемами чувственного восприятия; конкурирующие, несовместимые форматы; набор задних колонок; динамический диапазон; кинематографические установки; приблизительно одна десятая частотного диапазона других каналов; определённая точка пространства.
Grammar revision: active and passive voice
We use the active voice to say what the subject of the sentence does:
In the 1970s, Dolby professionals made an introduction of a separate «boom» subwoofer channel, or so called the «LFE channel».
We use the passive voice to say that something happens to the subject:
However, mastering these technologies was limited by certain economic factors.
Here is some more information about the passive voice.
We use a passive verb
1) when what or who causes the action is unimportant, unknown or obvious from the context:
Two new studios have been built recently.
2) to sound more formal or more polite:
The letter hasn’t been sent. (Instead of: You haven’t sent the mail.)
3) when the action itself is more important than who or what does it (in technological processes, reports, newspaper headings, manuals, instructions, regulations etc.):
Dolby Stereo Digital was first encoded on the 1992 film Batman Returns.
4) to put more emphasis on the agent:
The new laboratory will be opened by the company president.
We form the passive voice with the verb to be and the past participle of the main verb:
be (is/was/have been etc.) + the past participle (made/ washed/done etc.)
10. Fill the gaps in the sentences with the verbs given. Use them in the correct tense either in the active or in passive voice.
Remain, influence, introduce, limit, evolve, fail, beset, receive, increase.
1) Some of these technological advances finally _______ into meaningful improvements.
2) The cinematic systems of that time were unable to produce loud low frequency signals without clipping, that’s why a subwoofer channel (also called the «LFE channel») _____ ______ by Dolby Laboratories.
3) Though the pioneering idea of the Quad installation______, it led to further exploration into consumer surround sound.
4) The acceptance of new technologies, especially since the expansion of television was making serious inroads into the profit margins of the cinematograph, _____ ______ by certain economic factors.
5) Until the early 1950s the dominance of the movie was obvious and it _______ the main source of public entertainment.
6) By the late 1970s, specialists at Dolby Laboratories started their development of the Dolby Stereo system, whereby information _____ _____ by three front speakers and a few rear speakers.
7) The invention of the «boom» subwoofer channel had an added advantage: it effectively ______ the dynamic range of theatrical installations.
8) The growing popularity of television certainly _______ the development of the film industry.
9) The analog four-channel arrangement Quad turned out to _____ _____ by a multitude of economic, technical, and aesthetic problems that eventually led to its failure.
Vocabulary work: adjectives and adverbs
A lot of adverbs are made from adjectives by adding —ly:
Quick-quickly, careful-carefully
Note that not all words, which end in —ly, are adverbs. There are some adjectives that have the —ly ending, too:
Friendly, lively, etc.
11. Transform the adjectives into adverbs using the pattern given below. Work out the meaning of the unknown words from the text.
Example: amazing – amazingly
Certain, real, meaningful, desperate, eventual, significant, great, progressive, complete, optical, separate, effective, approximate, sufficient, definite.
Use the words in sentences of your own.
TALKING AND DISCUSSING POINT
12. Make a plan to the article using your notes in exercise 5.
13. Write a key sentence for each point of your plan.
14. Make a summary of the article adding a few more sentences to each point of your plan. Use the key words.
15. Answer the «What do you think» questions.
1) Why did television threaten the cinema in the early 1950s?
2) Which of the two opponents —the movie or the television – has eventually won?
3) Why 3D glasses are called a gimmick in the text? What other «gimmicks» used to attract audience can you name?
4) Are there any economic, technical and aesthetic problems in the sphere of the sound production nowadays?
5) What technological advances in the surround sound will be achieved in the nearest future?
WRITING
16. Write a commentary that contains two arguments for and two arguments against the statement: «Society cannot do without technologies.» Write 120—180 words.
17. Write an essay commenting on the following statement (State Exam Writing).
