Czytaj książkę: «Monument Future»

1

2

3

4

5

FOREWORD

Anyone who works at the German Parliament, whether they are an elected representative or a member of the administration staff, comes into contact every day with one of the most striking stone witnesses to German history: the Reichstag Building.

What takes place within the building itself is already worth a look – this is after all where policy is conceived and implemented for a population of 83 million. It is rare, however, for a European parliamentary building to reflect the destiny and fate of the nation it was designed to serve in a more vivid, dramatic and unsparing way than the Reichstag Building in Berlin does.

The Hohenzollern had no love for the building, shortly after the Nazis seized power it was set ablaze, and when the Red Army ultimately seized it on 1 May 1945 after many days of battle, it was left in ruins. Soviet soldiers left victors’ graffiti on the walls of the building and while these inscriptions were initially covered up during the years of division in Germany, when the building was restored following the fall of the Wall, they were made visible once more.

All of this is history set in stone.

The city of Berlin is awash with these stone witnesses to history: the Olympic Stadium, the main building of the Messe, the Brandenburg Gate, the New Guardhouse, the newly constructed Berlin City Palace, the towers at Frankfurter Tor – to name but a few. Successful and less successful attempts at restoration can be found everywhere, in the east of the city as much as in the west. They all reflect a piece of urban history, a piece of German history. They are object lessons and stone-hewn witnesses to success and failure, to acts of heroism and barbarity. It is the responsibility of the state to preserve such buildings in order to make the history of Germany tangible for future generations too.

And that is why it is a particular honour for me to welcome you to a congress such as “Monument Future, Decay and Conservation of Stone”, a meeting of academics, conservators, architects and engineers, here in Göttingen.

Researching the implications of climate change alone on the condition and life expectancy of all buildings, whether they are privately owned or public property, is a task for generations. Even a layperson can recognise that environmental influences increasingly affect not just the patina of the stone. Many things that would have survived for a long time to come if the air were clearer are already crumbling.

There is no doubt that new methods of digitalisation enable a much more exact means of monitoring changes in stone structures. It is fascinating to observe how interdisciplinary paths and solutions develop during a congress such as this, viewing the stone of a building almost as an object undergoing transformation, the changes to which we can influence.

6Your work is historic preservation in the best sense of the term. Too much has been destroyed in this country, even in the aftermath of war in numerous cases and without necessity, many say without any sense of reason and understanding. That is why we need to preserve what remains for us. Your congress makes an important contribution towards achieving this.

For those who are dedicated to preserving these stone witnesses to history are dedicated to the future of those who have learned from history and who wish to continue to learn from it.

Thomas Oppermann Vice-President of the German Bundestag

7

FOREWORD

Photographs of crumbling stone figures – along with impressive photos of the demolition of historical buildings – became symbols of environmental pollution and the increasing loss of built cultural heritage in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

The ever increasing criticism and concern about the loss of built cultural heritage in Europe led to a rise in civic and state engagement. The “Stone” congresses, the first of which took place in 1972, were part of the international heritage movement and continue to be so today.

Two years later, in 1974, the founding of the Deutsches Nationalkomitee für Denkmalschutz (DNK, German National Committee for Monument Protection) in the Federal Republic of Germany was an important step towards the acceptance of monument protection as a social and national objective.

First the DNK prepared the German activities for the European Cultural Heritage Year 1975. In the following years the DNK gave a lot of impetus into society, but acted itself as a seismograph for conservation and restoration issues, too.

Since then, the DNK has assumed responsibility for bundling the expertise of science, craft, preservation and conservation expertise. In 1984, for example, a trip with journalists was devoted to the topic of stone deterioration.

Today, half a century after these years of departure, many of the demands of that time have been met. The cooperation between basic research and owners, preservation authorities, architects and engineers, craftsmen and restorers is particularly pronounced in the field of natural and artificial stone.

Nevertheless there are new challenges to be overcome: the climate change with droughts, high temperatures, heavy rain and storms is affecting stone, plaster and mortar. Emissions from industry and car traffic will decrease, but will not disappear. Thus, we cannot rest on our laurels.

The “Stone” congress is a long-standing and important platform for bundling and disseminating new findings on stone conservation topics.

I admire the level of expertise and commitment with which scientists and practical users continuously share their results.

The “Stone” congress is a prime example of the transfer of knowledge between basic research and practical application on built heritage and back.

I also wish “Stone 2020” to continue this remarkable tradition. May the shared insights benefit our heritage in Europe and the world!

Dr. Gunnar Schellenberger State Secretary for Culture and President of the German National Committee for Monument Protection

8

9

FOREWORD

Our built cultural heritage is a great source of inspiration. It provides us with a sense of belonging and identity in a complex world. And much of this heritage – from buildings to monuments and sculptures – is made of stone. Therefore, it is key for preserving our cultural heritage for future generations to better understand, manage and mitigate the deterioration processes that affect stone-based structures and thus rob us of our past.

Preserving stone requires a deep understanding of the various environmental factors that affect the material and innovative approaches to counter the decay they cause. This is why the German Federal Environmental Foundation (Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt DBU) has been a funding partner for research in this field for many years. With our funding programme “Environment and Cultural Heritage” we are supporting pioneering projects at the intersection of environmental science and cultural heritage protection. Since the foundation began its work in 1990, we have provided funding for nearly 830 cultural heritage projects. Special emphasis is placed on problems caused by anthropogenic environmental factors such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen, or climatic changes.

The contributions in this anthology present an inspiring overview of cutting-edge endeavours in the field of stone conservation. Every four years, the International Council on Monuments and Sights (ICOMOS) brings together experts from a variety of disciplines, ranging from conservators and restoration specialists to engineers and geoscientist to engage in discussion. The topics of exchange cover all relevant aspects from novel modelling and simulation techniques, to better understand environmental impacts on different stones, to original approaches in damage assessment and mitigation. Best-practice examples offer valuable insights into state-of-the-art conservation and restoration procedures and techniques.

Among the participants are several experts working in DBU-funded projects. It fills us with pride to be able to contribute to this important field of research and witness how our support furthers the discussion and understanding of stone conservation and decay.

The DBU thanks the Georg August University Göttingen (Geoscientific Center) and the University of Kassel (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering) as well as the International Scientific Committee for Stone (ISCS) of ICOMOS for compiling these proceedings.

And we would like to express our gratitude towards all participating experts and researchers for their contribution to the preservation of our collective cultural heritage.

Sincerely yours,

Alexander Bonde Secretary General, German Federal Environmental Foundation (DBU)

10

11

PREFACE

“Monuments Future: Decay and Conservation of Stone”

14th International Congress on the Deterioration and Conservation of Stone

Siegfried Siegesmund¹ and Bernhard Middendorf²

1 Geoscience Centre of the University Goettingen, Goldschmidtstr. 3, 37077 Goettingen, Germany

2 University of Kassel, Department of Structural Materials and Construction Chemistry, Moenchebergstr. 7, 34125 Kassel, Germany

Cultural heritage creates identity and promotes a sense of community even in times of globalisation. At the very latest, the devastating fire at Notre-Dame de Paris shows that a loss of cultural hertitage of this importants is painfully affecting society.

For more than hundred years, statutory monument protection in Germany has been an important part of our cultural self-image and public awareness. Fortunately, since then the protection of historical monuments has enjoyed increasing acceptance among the population. With the recognition of the cultural significance, there has been a change in the appreciation of architectural monuments as cultural monuments. Efforts are now increasingly focused not on the destruction or removal, but on the preservation of our cultural heritage. Events on the occasion of the annual “Open Monument Day” are evidence of this gratifying trend.

Natural stone was the world’s most durable and valuable building material of past millennia. This is why most of our preserved historical monuments are made of natural stone. The diversity of natural stone deposits worldwide has a decisive and unmistakable influence on the regional cultural landscapes. Environmental influences such as natural weathering and the impact of anthropogenic environmental pollutants unfortunately led to growing and serious damage to many monuments. Since the 1970s, the public has become increasingly aware of this environmentally-induced loss of cultural assets. Ever since buildings were and are constructed of natural stone, problems of stone decay have been known. The signs are alarming.

The international scientific “Committee for Stone (ISCS)” of ICOMOS organizes every four years the International Congress on the Deterioration and Conservation of Stone. After congresses in La Rochelle, Athens, Venice, Louisville, Lausanne, Torun, Lisbon, Berlin, Venice, Stockholm, Torun, New York and Paisley, the 14th Interntional Congress was planned to take place from 7th to 12th 2020 at the Universities of Göttingen and Kassel in Germany. The conference is considered the most important forum for the entire field of stone conservation and stone decay and is recognized trend-setter for innovative developments and methods. The worldwide available knowledge about stone decay and stone conservation is summarized in the proceedings presented here and reflects the current state of the art.

In recent years, many individual results have been achieved worldwide in the field of natural stone conservation which, despite increasing digitisation, 12have not been published and are therefore not publicly accessible. In the meantime, however, a new level which requires a summary of the knowledge achieved in order to be able to specialist knowledge on a broad basis in the practice of monument conservation and building maintenance can be transferred. This was also the aim and the topic of the multi-day symposium and was subtitled Monuments Future: Decay and Conservation of Stone.

The conference is aimed at monument conservators, restorers, architects, engineers and natural scientists and will be divided into several thematically different blocks. This conference is the main gathering for the dissemination of knowledge in the field of stone deterioration issues. It represents and captures the state-of-the-art in the field of stone conservation and cultural heritage conservation with regards to the following topics:

— Characterisation of damage phenomena of stone and related building materials (plaster, rendering, mortar etc.)

— Methods for the investigation of stone decay; in-situ and non-destructive testing

— Long-term monitoring of stone monuments and buildings

— Simulation and modelling of decay

— Technology and development of improved treatments and use of stone in new buildings

— Assessment of long-term effects of treatments

— Impact of climate change on stone decay of Cultural Heritage

— Reports about stone conservation: case studies and projects

— Digitalization and documentation in stone conservation

— Open Topics

It is a great pleasure for the Executive Committee to gratefully acknowledge the members of the Permanent Scientific Committee and the Local Scientific Committee for their reviews of each contribution followed by revision by the authors. The contents and accuracy of the papers are the responsibility of the authors!

​Permanent Scientific Committee

— Miloš Drdácký (President, Czech Republic)

— Ann Bourges (France)

— Susanna Bracci (Italy)

— Philippe Bromblet (France)

— Hilde De Clercq (Belgium)

— Katerina Delegou (Greece)

— Julie Desarnaud (Belgium)

— Robert J. Flatt (Switzerland)

— Christoph Franzen (Germany)

— John Hughes (UK)

— Takeshi Ishizaki (Japan)

— Heiner Siedel (Germany)

— Ákos Török (Hungary)

— Johannes Weber (Austria)

​Local Scientific Committee

— Prof. Dr. Siegfried Siegesmund (University of Göttingen, Germany) – Executive Committee

— Prof. Dr. Bernhard Middendorf (University of Kassel, Germany) – Executive Committee

— Dr. Michael Auras (Institute for Stone Conservation (IFS), Mainz, Germany)

— Prof. Dr. Paul Bellendorf (University of Bamberg, Germany)

— Dr. Angela Ehling (Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resource, BGR, Berlin)

— M. A.; M. Sc. Constanze Fuhrmann (The German Federal Environmental Foundation (DBU), Osnabrück, Germany)

— Dr. Luigi Germinario (University of Saitama, Japan)

— Prof. Dr. Gabriele Grassegger (Bau-Consult – Consulting and Development, Winnenden, Germany)

— PD Dr. Michael Hoppert (University of Göttingen, Germany)

— Prof. Dr. Roman Koch (University of Erlangen, Germany)

— PhD Rubén López-Doncel (Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosi, Mexico)

— M. A. Johanna Menningen (University of Göttingen, Germany)

— M. Sc. Christopher Pötzl (University of Göttingen, Germany)

13— Dr. Enrico Sassoni (University of Bologna, Italy)

— M. Sc. Tim Schade (University of Kassel, Germany)

— Prof. Dr. Erwin Stadlbauer (Lower saxony state office for the preservation of historical monuments, Hannover, Germany))

— Prof. Dr. Rolf Snethlage (Natural stone, building physics and building chemistry in monument conservation, Bamberg, Germany)

— Dr. Robert Sobott (Laboratory for the preservation of historic buildings and monuments Naumburg, Germany)

— PhD Luís Sousa (University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Vila Real, Portugal)

— Prof. Dr. Michael Steiger (University of Hamburg, Germany)

— Dr. Wanja Wedekind (University of Göttingen, Germany)

— Dr. Eberhard Wendler (Specialist laboratory, Munich, Germany)

— Dr. Alexander Wetzel (University of Kassel)

The organizing committee also wish to thank all authors for their efforts in preparing the abstracts and contributions, as well as for their collaboration which was the key to the success of these proccedings.

Furthermore we like to thank the German Federal Environmental Foundation (Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt – DBU, AZ- 34720/01), the German German Science Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft – DFG, AZ-Si 438/53-1) and our commercial sponsors KÄRCHER, REMMERS, TUBAG, FOCUS GmbH, IBZ – Salzchemie GmbH & Co. KG for their support. We also thank the publisher Mitteldeutscher Verlag (MDV) for the compilation of the proceedings.

The editors would like to express their sincere thanks to these persons who, through their tireless efforts, have significantly supported the creation of the proceedings: Tim Schade, Johanna Menningen, Christopher Pötzl, Christian J. Gross, Marie-France Hesse, Alexandra Jung14

15

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHARACTERISATION OF DAMAGE PHENOMENA OF STONE AND RELATED BUILDING MATERIALS (PLASTER, RENDERING, MORTAR ETC.)

R. Snethlage

Risk Number: Documentation and Objective Assessment of Environmental Damage to Marble and Sandstone Sculpture

R. Bugini, L. Folli

New marbles for the Italian architecture (1920–40)

K. Ekinci, A. Karagöl, G. G. Küçükosmanoğlu, I. Polat Pekmezci

Characterization and deterioration of materials of Rumelifeneri Fortress in Istanbul

A. Kück, Ch. Pötzl, R. López-Doncel, R. Dohrmann, S. Siegesmund

Tuffs in pre-Columbian and colonial architecture of Oaxaca, Mexico

J. Diaz, B. Menéndez

Sustainable lime restoration mortars: Physical properties and durability assessment

C. Noël, B. Menéndez

Comparison of physico-chemical properties between ancient and restoration renders in the Vexin Français area (NW of Paris)

S. Ahmadinezhad, A. Sansonetti, A. Pane, D. Biondelli

Study of decay patterns and damage assessment of the Achaemenian rock-reliefs of Naqsh-e Rustam

16E. Vasanelli, A. Calia, G. Quarta, D. Melica, M. Masieri, A. Monte, F. Micelli

Effect of fire on the durability of a porous calcarenite: the case study of a tobacco factory in Tricase (Lecce, Southern Italy)

M. Drdácký, D. Frankeová, Z. Slížková

Variations of characteristics of sandstone subjected to weathering and conservation interventions

N. Freudenberg, T. Frühwirt, K.-J. Kohl, M. Kutz, H. Siedel, J. Wichert

Thermal behavior of building sandstone: laboratory heating experiments vs. real fire exposure

L. Schröer, T. De Kock, N. Boon, V. Cnudde

Exploring microbial communities inhabiting gypsum crusts of weathered natural building stones

M. Haselberger, M. Milchin, K. Fuchs, G. Enkhbat, Ts. Tsolmon, J. Weber, G. Krist

Stone Cultural Heritage in Mongolia – Model-like Study and Condition Assessment of the Site of Ikh Khöshööt

M. Morales Demarco, E. Cocorel

Characterization and deterioration assessment of Kösseine Granite in Palacio Salvo, Montevideo, Uruguay

A. Eckart, R. Sobott, H. Kletti, T. Burkert, W. Jäger

2000 years of use of plaster as building and restoration material for the „Takht-e Soleyman“ in Western Azerbaijan, Iran

A. Kück, Ch. Pötzl, R. López-Doncel, R. Dohrmann, S. Siegesmund

Effects of zeolites and swellable clay minerals on water-related properties and thermal dilatation in volcanic tuff rocks

M. Saba, J. Lizarazo-Marriaga, N. L. Hernandez-Romero, C. Tedeschi, E. Quiñones-Bolaños

Physico-chemical characterization of the Cartagena Wall and quarry material stone used for its restoration

Á. Török, L. Germinario, R. López-Doncel, Ch. Pötzl, S. Siegesmund

Comparative analysis of volcanic tuffs from Europe, Asia and North-America

W. Wedekind, E. Harutyunyan, S. Siegesmund

The Cathedral-ruins of Zvartnots and Avan (Armenia) – a comparative study on decay and restoration

17L. Sousa, J. Menningen, S. Siegesmund

Notes of a bowing behavior on limestone

L. Lazzarini, E. Tesser

The four sculpted columns of the St. Mark basilica’ ciborium, Venice: marbles, polychromy, past treatments

METHODS FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF STONE DECAY; IN-SITU AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

R. Livingston, C. Grissom, Y. Gorokhovich

Portable XRF study of the geographic distribution and growth rate of mn-rich rock varnish

B. Sacchi, E. Cantisani, T. Salvatici, C. A. Garzonio

Microdrilling resistance measurements system and mortar penetrometer: two methods for evaluating in situ mortar resistance

Ma H., Dai Sh., Zhou Y., Qian B., Tang Zh., Zhang G., Xiang J., Zhen G.

Ultrasonic testing of the dolomite marble statue of Soong Ching-ling with respect to the depth of cracks and deterioration state

T. Waragai, T. Takemura

Acoustic emission behavior of rocks subjected to temperature changes

St. Pirskawetz, J. Menningen, S. Siegesmund

Acoustic emissions – insights into the decay mechanisms of thermally treated marbles

D. Benavente, M. de Jongh, J. J. Galiana-Merino, C. Pla, J. Martinez-Martinez, M. Lee, M. E. Young

Automatic estimation of the P- and S-wave onset-times in weathered sandstones by salt crystallisation

H. Yang, D. W. Kim, C. H. Lee, J. H. Yoo

A study on nondestructive diagnosis and conservation scheme of Korean dinosaur egg fossil sites in Hwaseong Gojeongri

H. Y. Park, S. Y. Park, C. H. Lee, J. H. Park

Material Characteristics and Non-Destructive Diagnosis of Stone Standing Buddha and Stone Chamber of Mireukri Temple Site in Chungju, Korea

18Ch. Pötzl, A. D. Öcal, T. Cramer, S. Siegesmund

Decay of Pre-Columbian phallic stone monoliths

St. Pfefferkorn, Ch. Franzen

Evaluation of effective compression strength of natural stone by drilling resistance measurements

L. Germinario, C. T. Oguchi

Historical man-made caves in Japan: Vulnerability of rocks and cultural assets in the underground environment

F. Dursun

Material Characterization And Decay Of The Limestones Used In Historical Structures Of Mardin, Turkey

M. Drdácký, M. Eisler, R. Krompholz

In-situ investigation of stone consolidation effects with immersed ultrasonic double-probe

F. Tiefensee, C. Degel, P. Weber, W. Bost, M. Moses, M. Schmieger

A new system for fast ultrasound-tomography at marble sculptures

D. M. Freire-Lista, L. Sousa

Fuente de Cibeles of Madrid and decay of Montesclaros marble

O. Sánchez Rovira, D. Giovannacci, J.-D. Mertz, J. Wassermann, B. Ledésert, R. Hébert, Y. Mélinge

Water content estimation using non-destructive tools applied to archaeological materials

W. Wedekind, E. Harutyunyan, N. Novakovic, S. Siegesmund

Experimental conservation and first investigations on the weathering of Geghard Monastery (Armenia)

W. Wedekind, Ch. Schmidt

The three funerary Stelae Project

C. Tedeschi, M. Taccia

Monitoring and evaluation of damaging of traditional cleaning techniques of stones with 3D optical microscopy profilometry

M. Deprez, G. De Schutter, V. Cnudde, T. De Kock

Freeze-thaw weathering: Digging deeper in the temperature and length evolution of natural stones

19G. Cardani

The evaluation of the masonry quality in historical load-bearing stonework

P. Kozub

Karsten Tube Penetration Test – new findings and new evaluation method

S. T. Park, S. H. Kim, C. H. Lee

Evaluation on Reusability and Damage of Stone Properties for Repair of Wolnamsaji Temple Site Stone pagoda for Gangjin Korea in 13th Century

LONG-TERM MONITORING OF STONE MONUMENTS AND BUILDINGS

S. Hamilton, C. Graham, Ch. Gerdwilker, J. Hepher, S. Mirashrafi, E. Hyslop

Challenges of investigating decay in an enclosed bedrock monument: Fossil Grove, Glasgow

O. E. Gilbert, L. Mol, O. Campbell, T. Blenkinsop

The Influence of Angle of Ballistic Impact on Stone Weathering

J. H. Park, C. H. Lee, Y. H. Jo

A Study on Conservation Management System of Fortress Cultural Heritage by Behavior Monitoring and GIS

S. H. Kim, C. H. Lee

Change of Environmental Stability by Improved Airtightness in the Korean Ancient Royal Tombs from the 6th Century Baekje Kingdom

A. G. Costa

Long-Term Monitoring Of Processes Affecting Stone Materials Applied To Historical And Contemporary Buildings In Brazil

J. Menningen, S. Siegesmund, R. Krompholz, Y. Rieffel

Comparative, Non-destructive analysis of the marble sculptures General von Bülow and von Scharnhorst in Berlin

O. A. Cuzman, S. Rescic, P. Tiano

A new portable technique to evaluate the compatibility of protective treatments applied on monumental stones

S. Laue, C. Schaab, D. Drese, D. Krauthäuser, G. Helfmeier, J. Vogt

Long-Term investigations and monitoring of the salt loaded Crypt of St. Maria im Kapitol, Cologne

20K. Wilhelm, D. Gulotta, A. Leslie, M. Krus, V. Thome, R. Kilian, H. Viles

Reviving ‘Asterixe’: a unique long-term archive for built heritage research

S. Siegesmund, M. Morales Demarco, R. Wittenbecher, M. Pfeifer, K.-J. Stein

Koelga Marble as building veneer at the Town Hall of Wermelskirchen (Germany): Weathering dynamics, bowing potential and risk assessment: Part I

S. Siegesmund, M. Morales Demarco, R. Wittenbecher, M. Pfeifer, K.-J. Stein

Koelga Marble as building veneer at the Town Hall of Wermelskirchen (Germany): Weathering dynamics, bowing potential and risk assessment: Part II

A. Bordi, M. Matteini, F. Piqué

2-step DAP consolidation of marble busts on the facade of Lugano’s Cathedral

I. Kisilewicz

The Impact of Natural Climate Hazards impact on the Restoration of Dragomirna Church

J. M. Quadrizius, E. Wendler, J. Meinhardt

Improved Evaluation of Karsten Water Uptake Measurements: Visualisation of the Soaking Front by Absorption of Dye Solutions

Y. Praticò, F. Girardet, R. J. Flatt

New insights on the causes of contour scaling in Swiss sandstones

SIMULATION AND MODELLING OF DECAY

Xiaolin C.

Performance Simulation of Solid Brick Construction under the Impacts of Increased Precipitation as a Consequence of Climate Change

F. Dursun, T. Topal

Effect of weathering tests on microfracture properties of the massive and vesicular basalts

Mengjun J., Ling H.

The implication from the Na2SO4 Crystallization behaviors on Dafosi sandstones during salt-loaded hygrothermal aging cycles

21J. Bartholdy, P. Klenz Larsen, J. Bredal-Jørgensen

The damaging effect of “eco-friendly” deicing salts on building materials

A. Stahlbuhk, M. Steiger

Investigations on the Supersaturation and Damage Potential of Nitrate Salts Relevant for Objects of Cultural Heritage

E. Huby, C. Thomachot-Schneider, P. Vàzquez, G. Fronteau, J. Menningen, S. Siegesmund

Dilatation behavior of building stones repaired with a restoration mortar

J. Frick, N. Sakiyama, B. Hejazi, F. Lehmann, S. Gambarelli, J. Ožbolt, H. Garrecht