Czytaj książkę: «All sciences. №1, 2023. International Scientific Journal»

Ibratjon Xatamovich Aliyev, Sherzod Boxodirovich Karimov, Dilshod Quldoshaliyevich Yuldoshaliyev, Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Vavilova, Boxodir Xoshimovich Karimov Farruh Murodjonovich Sharofutdinov Sayyora Boxodirovna Aripova Shavkat Boxodirovich Karimov Gulnoza Masxariddinovna Umarova Obbozjon Xokimovich Qo'ldoshev Axliddin Mirzoxidovich Qo'chqorov Ulug'bek Qo'zibayevich Bekchanov Xamidullo Tug'unbayevich Sayfullayev Javohir Jahongirovich Boltaboyev Doniyor Jamoliddinovich Ergashev Fozil Oripovich Obidov Mushtariy Timurovna Raximova Maqsadjon Murodjonovich Tuxtasinov Asilbek Raxmonaliyevich Tuxtasinov i inni

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Authors: Aliyev Ibratjon Xatamovich, Qo'ldoshev Obbozjon Xokimovich, Bekchanov Ulug'bek Qo'zibayevich, Sayfullayev Xamidullo Tug'unbayevich, Boltaboyev Javohir Jahongirovich, Ergashev Doniyor Jamoliddinovich, Aripova Sayyora Boxodirovna, Karimov Boxodir Xoshimovich, Karimov Shavkat Boxodirovich, Karimov Sherzod Boxodirovich, Obidov Fozil Oripovich, Sharofutdinov Farruh Murodjonovich, Yuldoshaliyev Dilshod Quldoshaliyevich, Qo'chqorov Axliddin Mirzoxidovich, Raximova Mushtariy Timurovna, Umarova Gulnoza Masxariddinovna, Tuxtasinov Maqsadjon Murodjonovich, Tuxtasinov Asilbek Raxmonaliyevich, Vavilova Ekaterina Aleksandrovna

Editor-in-Chief Ibratjon Xatamovich Aliyev

Illustrator Ibratjon Xatamovich Aliyev

Illustrator Boxodir Xoshimovich Karimov

Illustrator Obbozjon Xokimovich Qo'ldoshev

Cover design Ibratjon Xatamovich Aliyev

Cover design Boxodir Xoshimovich Karimov

Cover design Ra'noxon Mukaramovna Aliyev

Cover design Xolidaxon Tulkinovna Aliyeva

Proofreader Ibratjon Xatamovich Aliyev

Proofreader Boxodir Xoshimovich Karimov

Proofreader Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Vavilova

Proofreader Gulnoza Muxtarovna Sobirova

Translator Ibratjon Xatamovich Aliyev

ISBN 978-5-0059-5899-0 (т. 1)

ISBN 978-5-0059-5900-3

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DEDICATED TO THE GREAT GENIUS NIKOLA TESLA

UDC 929.5

Nikola Tesla is a Serbian-American engineer and physicist, inventor in the field of electrical and radio engineering. He is a Serb by nationality, was born in the Austrian Empire, grew up in Austria-Hungary, and in subsequent years mainly worked in France and the USA. In 1891, he received US citizenship. He is widely known for his contribution to the creation of devices operating on alternating current, multiphase systems, a synchronous generator and an asynchronous electric motor, which made it possible to make the so-called second stage of the industrial revolution. He is also known as a proponent of the theory of the existence of ether – thanks to his numerous experiments and experiments aimed at showing the presence of ether as a special form of matter that can be used in technology.

The unit of measurement of magnetic flux density (magnetic induction) is named after the inventor – Tesla. Among the many awards are the medals of Elliot Cresson, John Scott, Thomas Edison. Contemporary biographers call Tesla "the man who invented the XX century" and the "holy intercessor" of modern electricity. After demonstrating the radio and winning the "War of Currents", Tesla received widespread recognition as an outstanding electrical engineer and inventor. Tesla's early work paved the way for modern electrical engineering, and his discoveries of the early period had innovative significance. In the USA, Tesla's fame could compete with any inventor or scientist in history, as well as in popular culture.

Tesla's family lived in the village of Smilyan, 6 km from the town of Gospich, the main city of the historical province of Lika, which was part of the Austrian Empire at that time. Father – Milutin Tesla (1819-1879), priest of the Srem Diocese of the Serbian Orthodox Church, Serb. Mother – Georgina (Juka) Tesla (1822-1892), nee Mandich, was the daughter of a priest. On July 10, 1856, a fourth child appeared in the family – Nikola. In total there were five children in the family: three daughters – Milka, Angelina and Maritza and two sons – Nikola and his older brother Dan. When Nikola was five years old, his brother died after falling from a horse.

Nikola graduated from the first grade of primary school in Smilany. In 1862, shortly after the death of Dana, the father of the family was promoted, and the Tesla family moved to Gospić, where Nikola completed the remaining three grades of elementary school, and then the three-year lower real gymnasium, which he graduated in 1870. In the autumn of the same year, Nikola entered the Higher Real School in the city of Karlovac. He lived in the house of his aunt, his father's cousin, Stanki Baranovich. In July 1873, Nikola received his matriculation certificate. Despite his father's order, he returned to his family in Gospic, where there was a cholera epidemic, and immediately became infected. Here 's what Tesla himself told about it:

"The path of a priest was destined for me from childhood. This prospect hung over me like a black cloud. Having received my matriculation certificate, I found myself at a crossroads. Should I disobey my father, ignore my mother's loving wishes, or submit to fate? This thought oppressed me, and I looked into the future with fear. I deeply respected my parents, so I decided to study spiritual sciences. It was then that a terrible cholera epidemic broke out, which mowed down a tenth of the population. Contrary to my father's orders, which did not allow for objections, I rushed home, and the disease knocked me down. Later, cholera led to dropsy, lung problems and other diseases. Nine months in bed, almost without movement, seemed to have exhausted all my vitality, and the doctors abandoned me. It was a painful experience not so much because of physical suffering, but because of my great desire to live. During one of the attacks, when everyone thought I was dying, my father rushed into the room to support me with these words: "You will recover." I can still see his deathly pale face when he tried to encourage me in a tone that contradicted his assurances. "Maybe," I replied, "I will be able to get better if you let me study engineering." "You will enter the best educational institution in Europe," he replied solemnly, and I realized that he would do it. A heavy load was lifted from my soul. But the consolation might have come too late if I hadn't been miraculously cured by an old woman with a decoction of beans. There was no power of suggestion or mysterious influence in this. The remedy for the disease was in the full sense curative, heroic, if not desperate, but it had an effect."

The recovered Nikola Tesla was soon to be called up for three years of service in the Austro-Hungarian Army. His relatives considered him not healthy enough and hid him in the mountains. He returned back only in the early summer of 1875.

In the same year, Nikola entered the Higher Technical School in Graz (now the Graz Technical University), where he began to study electrical engineering. Observing the work of the Gram machine at lectures on electrical engineering, Tesla came to the idea of the imperfection of DC machines, however, Professor Yakov Peshl sharply criticized his ideas, giving a lecture before the entire course on the impracticability of using alternating current in electric motors. In his third year, Tesla became interested in gambling, losing large amounts of money at cards. In his memoirs, Tesla wrote that he was driven "not only by the desire to have fun, but also by failures in achieving the intended goal." He always distributed winnings to losers, for which he soon became known as an eccentric. In the end, he lost so badly that his mother had to borrow from her friend. He has never played since. On April 17 (29), 1879, Nikola's father died.

Tesla got a job as a teacher at a real gymnasium in Gospić, the one in which he studied. He was not satisfied with the work in Gospich. The family had little money, and only thanks to financial assistance from his two uncles, Petar and Pavel Mandich, the young Tesla was able to leave for Prague in January 1880, where he entered the Faculty of Philosophy at Prague University. He studied for only one semester and was forced to look for a job.

23-year-old Nikola Tesla, 1879

Until 1882, Tesla worked as an electrical engineer at the government telegraph company in Budapest, which at that time was engaged in conducting telephone lines and building a central telephone exchange. In February 1882, Tesla came up with a way to use a phenomenon in an electric motor, which later became known as a rotating magnetic field.

Working in a telegraph company prevented Tesla from carrying out his plans to create an alternating current electric motor. At the end of 1882, he got a job at the Continental Edison Company in Paris. One of the largest works of the company was the construction of a power plant for the railway station in Strasbourg. At the beginning of 1883, the company sent Nicola to Strasbourg to solve a number of work problems that had arisen during the installation of lighting equipment at the new railway station. In his spare time, Tesla worked on making a model of an asynchronous electric motor. In 1883, the operation of the engine was demonstrated at the Strasbourg City Hall.

By the spring of 1884, the work at the Strasbourg railway station was completed, and Tesla returned to Paris, expecting a bonus of 25 thousand dollars from the company. After trying to get the bonuses due to him, he realized that he could not see this money and, offended, resigned. One of the Soviet biographers of the inventor, B. N. Rzonsnitsky, claims that Tesla was thinking about moving to Russia, but one of the administrators of the Continental Company, Charles Bechlor, persuaded Tesla to go to the USA. Bechlor wrote a letter of recommendation to his friend Thomas Edison:

«It would be an unforgivable mistake to allow such a talent to leave for Russia. You will still be grateful to me, Mr. Edison, for the fact that I did not spare a few hours to convince this young man to give up the idea of going to Petersburg. I know two great people – one of them is you, the other is this young man.»

Tesla with the «Theory of Natural Philosophy…» by Ruger Boskovich against the background of an RF transformer coil in his laboratory on Houston Street

On July 6, 1884, Tesla arrived in New York. He got a job at Thomas Edison's company (Edison Machine Works) as an engineer for the repair of electric motors and DC generators.

On each material, gentlemen, there is a certain charge, both positive and negative, when they are together, then any object is neutral, but it is only necessary to excite these charges by moving the wire between the magnets, as a current appears in it, which is excited by these magnets. This phenomenon, called electromagnetic induction, when a current arises in a wire due to movement, was discovered by Michael Faraday. If the magnets are in the form of a torus, one of them is smaller, and the second is larger, and if you move the wire between them in a circle in only one direction, then you get a separation of charges into positive and negative, which can be accumulated on capacitors, which are only large metal plates that retain a charge. Of course, direct current is safer, it is easy to work with motors, it is easier to save it, but all these positive aspects are outweighed by one huge drawback – the difficulty of transportation.

Electric current is the movement of free charged particles, electrons between atoms in a directed way, and not chaotically, as it happens in thermal motion. And if the electrons move only in one direction, then they encounter a large number of collisions and quickly lose their energy, so for each enterprise there was a need to create its own power plant, because the maximum DC transmission length is no more than a mile, and already at longer distances the current dropped almost to zero.

Speaking of alternating current, there is already the case with whole coils, when rotating them in one direction, the magnetic fields were not always directed correctly, if they were directed in one direction to one plate, then the direction changed on the next turn. That is, if the current went from left to right, then in the next period, it went from right to left. The electrons did not have time to make such a long journey and only oscillated, while not losing energy, but, of course, transporting it. In such a current, positive and negative polarities change with a certain frequency and losses in such a system are minimal, which allows you to transmit alternating current over simply huge distances.

That was one of Tesla's million ideas. Edison, on the other hand, rather coldly perceived Tesla's new ideas and more and more openly expressed disapproval of the direction of the inventor's personal research. In the spring of 1885, Edison promised Tesla $ 50,000 if he could constructively improve the DC electric machines invented by Edison. Nikola actively set to work and soon introduced 24 varieties of Edison machines, a new switchboard and regulator, significantly improving operational characteristics. Having approved all the improvements, in response to a question about remuneration, Edison refused Tesla, noting that the immigrant still does not understand American humor well. Offended, Tesla immediately quit.

After working for only a year at Edison's company, Tesla gained fame in engineering circles. After learning about his dismissal, a group of electrical engineers offered Nikola to organize his own company related to electric lighting issues. Tesla's projects on the use of alternating current did not inspire them, and then they changed the original proposal, limiting themselves to a proposal to develop an arc lamp project for street lighting. A year later, the project was ready. Instead of money, entrepreneurs offered the inventor a part of the shares of the company created to operate the new lamp. This option did not suit the inventor, the company in response tried to get rid of him, trying to slander and defame Tesla.

In 1886, from autumn to spring, the inventor had to survive on auxiliary work. He was engaged in digging ditches, "slept where he had to, and ate what he found." During this period, he became friends with engineer Brown, who was in a similar position, who was able to persuade several of his acquaintances to provide financial support to Tesla. In April 1887, the Tesla Electric Company, created with this money, began to arrange street lighting with new arc lamps. Soon the company's prospects were proved by large orders from many US cities. For the inventor himself, the company was only a means to achieve a cherished goal. For the office of his company in New York, Tesla rented a house on Fifth Avenue near the building occupied by Edison's company. An acute competitive struggle, known as the "War of Currents", was unleashed between the two companies.

In July 1888, the famous American industrialist George Westinghouse bought more than 40 patents from Tesla, paying an average of $ 25,000 for each and a dollar for each horsepower issued by his generators. After that, he thanked his friend Brown by giving him half of the million dollars he received.

So the work continued, but there were also clashes with Edison, also at the trials. Also, due to Edison's merit, a new type of execution was introduced – in the electric chair, using alternating current. Large-scale executions of animals on alternating current, including Topsy the elephant, were also carried out to demonstrate the dangers of alternating and direct current safety. Westinghouse was against all these measures, he even hired a lawyer for Kemler, the first convict and subsequently executed in the electric chair. But even so, the work of victory followed victory and alternating current spread more and more, entering the life of modern cities.

Westinghouse also invited the inventor to become a consultant at the plants in Pittsburgh, where industrial designs of alternating current machines were being developed. The work did not bring satisfaction to the inventor, preventing the emergence of new ideas. Despite Westinghouse's persuasions, a year later Tesla returned to his laboratory in New York. Shortly after returning from Pittsburgh, Nikola Tesla traveled to Europe, where he visited the Paris World's Fair in 1889 and visited his mother and sister Maritza.

But one day, Westinghouse investors reminded him of the need to pay a dollar for each horsepower issued by generators, but the number of generators increased so much that it was necessary to give Tesla $ 12 million and although this would make him one of the richest people in the states, George would be ruined, so Nikola Tesla broke the contract without any additional conditions. So time passed and finally, in the end, Edison himself began to produce alternators. It was a victory.

In 1888-1895, Tesla was engaged in research of high-frequency magnetic fields. These years were the most fruitful: he received many patents for inventions. The leadership of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers invited Tesla to give a lecture about his work. On May 20, 1892, he spoke to the outstanding electrical engineers of that time and was a great success. There he demonstrated a large number of his experiments, he lit light bulbs by introducing them into an alternating electromagnetic field. He demonstrated how to transmit electricity without wires, controlled lightning and with the help of his hands passed a voltage of millions of volts through his body. It was a huge success, he was given an ovation and for the first time called a man from the future.

After that lecture, Tesla was shown the chair of Faraday himself, offering to take it and noting that after his death no one was worthy of such an honor, and then treated to whiskey from his cherished bottle. On March 13, 1895, a fire broke out in the Fifth Avenue laboratory. The building burned to the ground, destroying the inventor's latest achievements: a mechanical oscillator, a test stand for new lamps for electric lighting, a mock-up of a device for wireless transmission of messages over long distances and an installation for studying the nature of electricity. Tesla himself said that he could reconstruct all his discoveries from memory.

Financial assistance to the inventor was provided by the Niagara Falls Company. Thanks to Edward Adams, Tesla had $100,000 to equip a new laboratory. Already in the fall, the research resumed at a new address: 46 Houston Street. At the end of 1896, Tesla achieved the transmission of a radio signal over a distance of 30 miles (48 km).

It was there that a mechanical oscillator using selective resonance was created, representing a kind of analogue of a swing, if you give a push at the right moment, you can rock the installation to large amplitudes without putting much effort. It was then that an artificial earthquake was caused, as a result of one of the experiments that could destroy the Brooklyn Bridge in a few minutes. Selective resonance is the action of constant uniform vibrations that can destroy any object of choice. This earthquake was called the New York earthquake of 1898.

It is also worth noting the great predilection of Nikola Tesla himself for pigeons. But also the inventor himself organized small celebrations, where the notable people of that time came, Kipling, who loved to read poetry, Mark Twain made them laugh with his signature stories, and Dvorzek played the piano, and then Tesla brought them to his laboratory, showing wonderful experiments, telling about the future of science. It was an unforgettable evening. Nikola met many of them because of contact with Robert Johnson, the editor-in-chief of Century Magazine, with whom they met on the basis of love for poetry, and once they also translated and published a collection of poems by Serbian poets. They were also impressed by one of them – Ioan Zmai.

One of Tesla ’s favorite poems was:

"An honest man will not buy gold,
An honest man will not yield
to honor – He needs honor like light.
Glad to sell it dishonest,
But as everyone knows,
The dishonest have no honor.»
«Честный золота не купит,
Честный чести не уступит —
Честь нужна ему как свет.
Рад продать его бесчестный,
Но как всякому известно,
У бесчестных чести нет».

Moreover, the news is known today that it was Tesla who dissuaded Johnson from boarding the train that was in an accident. For example, he also persuaded his friend and patron, the owner of the Waldorf-Astoria hotel chain, Colonel John Jacob Astaire, not to sail on the Titanic, but, unfortunately, he did not listen to him.

Nikola Tesla in a laboratory in Colorado Springs. Early 1900s (photo obtained by double exposure)

According to Tesla's assumption, standing waves from Colorado Springs reached the greatest intensity near Amsterdam Island in the Indian Ocean. On May 18, 1899, at the invitation of a local electric company, Tesla moved to the resort town of Colorado Springs, where he stayed for almost a year, and about $ 30,000 was allocated as a grant from Colonel Astaire for his research. He stayed at the Alta Vista Hotel, where he placed his office.

On June 2, 1899, Tesla completed the construction of a wooden hangar measuring approximately 50 by 60 feet (15 by 18 meters), about 18 feet high (5.4 meters), with two windows and a large door. At the end of July, Tesla was already conducting various experiments in complete secrecy, not allowing anyone but his assistants into his laboratory. He conducted experiments mainly at night due to the availability of electrical energy, which he received from the city electric company.

While working in his laboratory, Tesla developed the design of a large high-frequency emitter with three oscillatory circuits, the potential of which reached 10 million volts, tested various variants of receiving devices with one or two coherers with special offset excitation circuits, measured electromagnetic radiation of electric discharges in nature, developed measuring techniques in radio engineering, thought out modulator devices, antennas with parallel power supply, etc. He also outlined his theory of the formation of ball lightning and could create them artificially.

Nikola Tesla recorded descriptions of scientific research and observations in the laboratory in Colorado Springs in a diary, which was later published under the title "Colorado Springs Notes, 1899-1900". Judging by the entries in his diary, Tesla devoted most of his time (about 56%) to the transmitting device, in particular to the generator of high-frequency currents of high power, then to receivers of weak signals (about 21%), measuring the capacity of a vertical single-pole antenna (about 16%), and various other scientific research and research (about 6%).

There were also rumors about the recording "Abandon hope, everyone who enters here", at the entrance to the laboratory. In the middle of the laboratory, a transformer was created, one end of which was grounded, and the second was brought to a great height. This device was capable of accumulating the energy of lightning discharges and giving out another several million volts and a frequency of 150,000 Hz, but of course I wanted more. The goal was to transmit energy over long distances using the Earth as a transmitter. Not far from the laboratory, he stuck several hundred light bulbs into the Ground and began to expect a thunderstorm, and as soon as lightning struck the ball at the top of the mast, the laboratory came to life. The transformer collected the energy of the lightning discharge and threw it into the atmosphere with triple force! These were 40-meter man-made lightning bolts! The flow of energy covered the city, everything was saturated with electricity, the experiment was fully justified, it became possible to transmit energy wirelessly through the ground, 250 meters from the tower, two hundred light bulbs lit up at once. But, unfortunately, the generator of the local power plant completely burned down. And after completing the entire research program, he put everything on paper, after which Robert Johnson published an article in his own journal.

It was then that this article caught the eye of the famous banker and industrialist John Pierpont Morgan, and he decided to meet with him, but he was only interested in using radio communication. So on January 11, 1900, Tesla returned to New York. The Tesla Tower is Nikola Tesla's first wireless telecommunications tower for commercial transatlantic telephony, radio broadcasting and demonstration of wireless power transmission. The first full-scale tests of the resonator tower took place on June 15, 1903 at exactly midnight local time. According to his plan, he wanted to create 5 towers for wireless communication around the globe, "as soon as the project is completed, a business person can dictate his instructions from New York, and they will immediately appear in the office in London or any other place. An inexpensive instrument, no more than a watch, will allow its owner to listen anywhere, at sea or on Land, to music or songs, speeches of a political leader, a speech by an outstanding scientist or sermons of a priest located at a great distance. In the same way, any picture, sign, drawing or text can be transmitted," Tesla said.

With the help of his project, he wants not only to transmit energy across the planet without wires, but with the help of this system, he intends to cause rains in the desert, illuminate the sky over sea routes, power cars and airplanes, and even carry out interplanetary communications. Of course, such a project required a much larger scope than Morgan singled out, but this does not bother him, and he creates on the island of Long Island, 60 meters from New York, he creates the first tower by the name of the Wardencliff locality. With the unfinished tower, he begins fantastic experiments. In the summer of 1903, the tower on Long Island almost drives New Yorkers crazy, giant artificial lightning bolts stretch for hundreds of miles in all directions from it. They light up the sky over the Atlantic so that you can read the newspaper headlines that the newspaper "New York San" writes: "Last night we witnessed strange phenomena – giant lightning, personally emitted by Tesla. The layers of the atmosphere ignited at different heights and over a large area so that the night instantly turned into day, the whole air was filled with glow. It centered around the edges of the human body, and everyone present radiated a light blue mystical flame. We felt like ghosts to ourselves." As Tesla himself wrote: "The waves created by my transmitter will be the greatest spontaneous manifestation of energy on the planet."

The halo surrounding Tesla's personality and discoveries contributed to the spread of all kinds of statements, which are usually semi-mythical in nature. Such statements cannot be verified due to the lack of documents, which does not prevent, however, attributing to Tesla a direct or indirect relation to many mysteries of the XX century.

According to legend, after Tesla's death, the FBI special department, which was engaged in storing the property of foreign citizens (Eng. Alien Property Custodian), sent employees who seized all the papers they found in the room. The FBI suspected that even a few years before Tesla's death, some papers had been stolen by German intelligence and could be used to create German flying saucers. Wanting to prevent a repeat of this incident, the FBI classified all the papers they found.

The book by writer Tim Schwartz mentions that in other hotels where Tesla rented rooms, his personal belongings also remained. Some of them are lost, more than 12 boxes of things were sold to pay Tesla's bills. Tim Schwartz also claims that in 1976, four nondescript boxes of papers were auctioned by a certain Michael P. Bornes, a bookseller from Manhattan. Dale Alfrey bought them for $25, not knowing what kind of papers they were. According to the author of the book, it later turned out that these were Nikola Tesla's laboratory journals and papers, which described hostile alien creatures capable of controlling the human brain.

Many readers have questioned Tim Schwartz's claims, perceiving the book as an attempt to create a sensation. It is hardly possible to talk about Tesla's direct participation in the hypothetical event of the "Philodelfi experiment" due to the discrepancy between the dates of Tesla's life and the time of the alleged experiment, since Tesla himself died before it began – on January 7, 1943, while it is assumed that the experiment was conducted only on October 28, 1943.

In 1931, Nikola Tesla allegedly demonstrated a working prototype of an electric car moving without any traditional current sources. There is no material evidence of the existence of this electric car.

The American agency DARPA in 1958 allegedly tried to create Tesla's legendary "death rays" during the Seesaw project, which was conducted at the Livermore National Laboratory. In 1982, the project was interrupted due to a number of failures and budget overruns.

At the end of the XX – beginning of the XXI century, a hypothesis appeared about the connection of Nikola Tesla with the Tunguska meteorite. According to this hypothesis, on the day of the observation of the Tunguska phenomenon (June 30, 1908), Nikola Tesla conducted an experiment on the transmission of energy «through the air». A few months before the explosion, Tesla claimed that he would be able to light the way to the North Pole of the expedition of the famous traveler Robert Peary. In addition, there are records in the journal of the Library of Congress that he requested maps of «the least populated parts of Siberia.» His experiments on the creation of standing waves, when, as it is claimed, a powerful electric pulse was concentrated tens of thousands of kilometers away in the Indian Ocean, quite fit into this «hypothesis». If Tesla managed to pump an impulse with the energy of the so-called «ether» (a hypothetical medium, to which, according to scientific ideas of the past centuries, the role of a carrier of electromagnetic interactions was attributed) and the resonance effect to «rock» the wave, then, according to this assumption, a discharge with a power comparable to a nuclear explosion should have occurred.